OBJECTIVES: In recent years, the role of remnant cholesterol (RC) in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases has gained increasing attention. However, evidence on the association between RC and subclinical atherosclerosis is limited. This study aims to examine the relationship between RC and atherosclerotic plaques in single and multiple vascular territories. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study used baseline data from participants enrolled between October 2022 and May 2024 in the National Key Research Program "Study on the Prevention and Control System of Risk Factors for Panvascular Diseases". Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed to detect plaques in 4 vascular territories: Bilateral carotid arteries, bilateral subclavian arteries, abdominal aorta, and iliac-femoral arteries. RC was calculated as total cholesterol minus the sum of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Participants were categorized into quartiles (Q1-Q4) according to RC levels. The proportions of participants with ≥2 plaques in a single vascular territory and with plaques in ≥2 vascular territories were compared across RC quartiles. Multivariate ordinal Logistic regression was used to assess the association between RC and the number of plaques in a single vascular territory, as well as the risk of multiple vascular territory involvement. Additionally, the effects of LDL-C/RC concordance on plaque distribution were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 3 539 participants were included, of whom 2 169 (61.29%) were male, with a age of (51.94±9.22) years. From Q1 to Q4, the proportion of participants with ≥2 plaques in a single vascular territory (bilateral carotid, subclavian, abdominal aorta, and iliac-femoral arteries), as well as those with plaques in ≥2 vascular territories, increased progressively. Compared with Q1, both Q3 and Q4 were significantly associated with higher plaque numbers in a single vascular territory (both P<0.05). When treated as a continuous variable, higher RC levels were associated with an increased risk of greater plaque numbers within a single vascular territory (all P<0.05). RC levels were also significantly associated with multiple vascular territory involvement: Compared with Q1, Q4 had a 1.015-fold higher risk [odds ratio (OR)=2.015, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.669 to 2.433], and each 1 mmol/L increase in RC corresponded to a 0.160-fold increased risk (OR=1.160, 95% CI 1.073 to 1.271). In LDL-C/RC coordination analysis, compared with the low LDL-C/low RC group, the low LDL-C/high RC group was significantly associated with multiple vascular territory involvement (OR=1.576, 95% CI 1.220 to 2.036). CONCLUSIONS Elevated RC levels are closely associated with atherosclerotic plaques in both single and multiple vascular territories, even among individuals with normal LDL-C, suggesting that RC should be considered in clinical risk assessment and management of atherosclerosis.
Humans ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic/diagnostic imaging* ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Cholesterol/blood* ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood* ; Aged ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood* ; Risk Factors ; Atherosclerosis ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color ; Femoral Artery/diagnostic imaging*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feasibility of using vascular plaque quantification (VPQ) to evaluate carotid atherosclerotic plaques and to observe the effect of statins on carotid atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS: Patients with carotid plaques from January 2016 to September 2018 in Peking University First Hospital Neurology Department were recruited and underwent three-dimonsional ultrasound (3DUS). Their gray scale median (GSM) and other parameters of carotid plaques were measured with VPQ. The patients were divided into low GSM group (GSM < 40) and high GSM group (GSM≥40). The clinical characteristics and plaque characteristics of the patients in the two groups were compared to analyze the stability of plaques. According to whether taking statins or not, the patients were further divided into statin group and non-statin group, plaque GSM and other parameters of their carotid plaques were measured and the changes of carotid plaques at the end of 3 months and 2 years were observed. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were enrolled, including 79 males and 41 females, with an average age of (65.39±9.11) years. The patients were divided into low GSM group (31 cases) (GSM < 40) and high GSM group (89 cases) (GSM≥40). The stenosis of the lumen in the low GSM group was more severe (the area stenosis rate was 41.32%±21.37% vs. 29.79%±17.16%, P < 0.05). The nor-malized wall index (NWI) of plaque in low GSM group was significantly higher than that in high GSM group (0.61 ±0.14 vs. 0.52±0.12, P < 0.01). A total of 77 patients, including 51 males and 26 females, aged (64.96±9.58) years, were enrolled to observe the statin effects on carotid plaque. They were divided into statin group (n=56) and non-statin group (n=21) according to whether taking statins or not. At the baseline and 3-month follow-up, there were no significant differences in carotid plaque volume, area, degree of luminal stenosis and GSM between the two groups (P>0.05). At the end of the 2-year follow-up, GSM increased in the statin group [median 10.00 (2.00, 28.00)] but decreased in the non-statin group [median －7.00 (－11.00, 5.50)], with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). There was no significant increase in carotid plaque volume in the statin group, while there was a slight increase in the non-statin group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups [median increase in plaque volume was 0.00 (－30.00, 40.00) mm³ in the statin group and 30.00 (10.00, 70.00) mm³ in the non-statin group, P>0.05]. CONCLUSION The VPQ technology of 3DUS can be used to evaluate carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Patients with low GSM (GSM < 40) have more severe vascular stenosis and higher normalized wall index. VPQ technology can also be used to observe the effect of statins on carotid plaque, the GSM of plaques increase in patients who are taking moderate-intensity statin treatment for two years.
Aged ; Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy* ; Technology ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the correlation between the characteristics of coronary plaque in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with phlegm-blood stasis syndrome (PBS) and blood stasis syndrome (BSS). METHODS: Patients were divided into different groups based on Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome differentiation. The baseline demographics and clinical variables were collected from the medical records. Additionally, the characteristics of plaque and pathological manifestations in coronary artery were evaluated using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). RESULTS: A total of 213 CHD patients were enrolled in two groups: 184 were diagnosed with PBS and the remaining 29 were diagnosed with BSS. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, proportions of patients with high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, history of coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention, medications, index from cardiac ultrasound image, blood lipids and C-reactive protein between the two groups (P>0.05), except gender, weight and proportions of IVUS observed target vessels (P<0.05 or P<0.01). More adverse events such as acute myocardial infarction (P=0.003) and unstable angina (P=0.048) were observed in BSS. Additionally, dissection, thrombus and coronary artery ectasia were significantly increased in BSS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In contrast, PBS had more patients with stable angina and chronic total occlusion with significantly higher SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with Taxus and coronary artery bypass surgery) scores (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, dense-calcium was significantly elevated in PBS (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Coronary plaque characteristics were correlated with different CM syndromes. Patients with PBS were associated with a higher degree of calcified plaque and severe coronary artery stenosis, indicating poor clinical prognosis but with a low probability of acute coronary events. In contrast, the degree of calcified plaque in patients with BSS remained relatively low, and plaque was more vulnerable, resulting in the possibility of the occurrence of acute coronary events remaining high.
Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Coronary Vessels/pathology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic/diagnostic imaging* ; Syndrome ; Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods*

OBJECTIVE: Saphenous vein grafts disease (SVGD) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and normally treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The most common complication after SVG-PCI is slow or no-reflow. It is known that the no-reflow phenomenon occurs in up to 15% of the SVG-PCI and is associated with high risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and mortality, therefore, it is important to investigate the factors that could predict the clinical outcome of PCI for risk stratification and guiding interventions. In recent years, the spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) radiofrequency data (virtual histology-IVUS [VH-IVUS]) has been used to provide quantitative assessment on both plaque compositions and morphologic characteristics. DATA SOURCES: The PubMed, Embase, and Central databases were searched for possible relevant studies published from 1997 to 2018 using the following index keywords: "Coronary artery bypass grafting," "Saphenous venous graft disease," "Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound," "Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound," and "Percutaneous coronary intervention." STUDY SELECTION: The primary references were Chinese and English articles including original studies and literature reviews, were identified and reviewed to summarize the advances in the application of VH-IVUS techniques in situ vascular and venous graft vascular lesions. RESULTS: With different plaque components exhibiting a defined spectrum, VH-IVUS can classify atherosclerotic plaque into four types: fibrous tissue (FT), fibro fatty (FF), necrotic core (NC), and dense calcium (DC). The radiofrequency signal is mathematically transformed into a color-coded representation, including lipid, fibrous tissue, calcification, and necrotic core. Several studies have demonstrated the independent relationship between VH-IVUS-defined plaque classification or plaque composition and MACEs, but a significant association between plaque components and no-reflow after PCI in acute coronary syndrome. In recent years, VH-IVUS are applied to assess the plaque composition of SVGD, based on the similarity of pathophysiological mechanisms between coronary artery disease (CAD) and SVGD, further studies with the larger sample size, the long-term follow-up, multicenter clinical trials may be warranted to investigate the relationship between plaque composition of saphenous vein graft (SVG) by VH-IVUS and clinical outcomes in patients with SVGD undergoing PCI. CONCLUSIONS In degenerative SVG lesions, VH-IVUS found that plaque composition was associated with clinical features, future studies need to explore the relationship between VH-IVUS defined atherosclerotic plaque components and clinical outcomes in SVGD patients undergoing PCI, an innovative prediction tool of clinical outcomes can be created.
Coronary Artery Bypass ; adverse effects ; Coronary Artery Disease ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; adverse effects ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; pathology ; Saphenous Vein ; pathology ; Ultrasonography, Interventional

The rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Early identification of vulnerable plaque is the essential step in preventing acute coronary events. Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) technology is able to visualize chemical composition of atherosclerotic plaque with high specificity and sensitivity. Integrated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging, this multimodal intravascular IVPA/IVUS imaging technology is able to provide both structural and chemical compositions of arterial walls for detecting and characterizing atherosclerotic plaques. In this paper, we present representative multimodal IVPA/IVUS imaging systems and discuss current scientific innovations, potential limitations, and prospective improvements for characterization of coronary atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis ; Cause of Death ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Developed Countries ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Prospective Studies ; Rupture ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemic stroke that can be effectively prevented with appropriate lifestyle modifications and control of cardiovascular risk factors. Medical advances in recent years along with aggressive cardiovascular risk factor modifications have resulted in decreased recurrence rates of atherosclerotic stroke. Non-statin lipid-lowering molecules have recently shown clinical benefit and are recommended for very high-risk patients to reduce their risk of stroke. Aggressive hypertension treatment is crucial to reduce atherosclerotic stroke risk. Advances in antithrombotic treatments include combinations of antiplatelets and new antiplatelet agents in the acute phase post-stroke, which carries a high risk of recurrence. Intensive medical treatment has also limited the indications for carotid interventions, especially for asymptomatic disease. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease may provoke stroke through various mechanisms; it is increasingly recognized as a cause of ischemic stroke with advanced imaging and is best managed with lifestyle modifications and medical therapy. The diagnostic search for the vulnerable culprit atherosclerotic plaque is an area of intense research, from the level of the intracranial arteries to that of the aortic arch. Ultrasonography and novel magnetic resonance imaging techniques (high-resolution vessel-wall imaging) may assist in the identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques as the underlying cause in cryptogenic or misdiagnosed non-atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic disease is less common than carotid artery disease; thus, high-quality data on effective prevention strategies are scarcer. However, aggressive medical treatment is also the gold standard to reduce cerebrovascular disease located in posterior circulation.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Arteries ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; Atherosclerosis ; Carotid Artery Diseases ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Dyslipidemias ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention* ; Stroke* ; Ultrasonography

We investigated predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with two years after medical treatment for lesions with angiographically intermediate lesions with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) minimum lumen area (MLA) <4 mm² in non-proximal epicardial coronary artery. We retrospectively enrolled 104 patients (57 males, 62±10 years) with angiographically intermediate lesions (diameter stenosis 30–70%) with IVUS MLA <4 mm² in the non-proximal epicardial coronary artery with a reference lumen diameter between 2.25 and 3.0 mm. We evaluated the incidences of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE including death, myocardial infarction, target lesion and target vessel revascularizations, and cerebrovascular accident) two years after medical therapy. During the two-year follow-up, 15 MACEs (14.4%) (including 1 death, 2 myocardial infarctions, 10 target vessel revascularizations, and 2 cerebrovascular accidents) occurred. Diabetes mellitus was more prevalent (46.7% vs. 18.0%, p=0.013) and statins were used less frequently in patients with MACE compared with those without MACE (40.0% vs. 71.9%, p=0.015). Independent predictors of MACEs with two years included diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR]=3.41; 95% CI=1.43–8.39, p=0.020) and non-statin therapy (OR=3.11; 95% CI=1.14–6.50, p=0.027). Long-term event rates are relatively low with only medical therapy without any intervention, so the cut-off of IVUS MLA 4 mm² might be too large to be applied for defining significant stenosis. The predictors of long-term MACE were diabetes mellitus and statin therapy in patients with angiographically intermediate lesions in non-proximal epicardial coronary artery.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Incidence ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Interventional

The term “vulnerable plaque” denotes the plaque characteristics that are susceptible to coronary thrombosis. Previous post-mortem studies proposed 3 major mechanisms of coronary thrombosis: plaque rupture, plaque erosion, and calcified nodules. Of those, characteristics of rupture-prone plaque have been extensively studied. Pathology studies have identified the features of rupture-prone plaque including thin fibrous cap, large necrotic core, expansive vessel remodeling, inflammation, and neovascularization. Intravascular imaging modalities have emerged as adjunctive tools of angiography to identify vulnerable plaques. Multiple devices have been introduced to catheterization laboratories to date, including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), virtual-histology IVUS, optical coherence tomography (OCT), coronary angioscopy, and near-infrared spectroscopy. With the use of these modalities, our understanding of vulnerable plaque has rapidly grown over the past several decades. One of the goals of intravascular imaging is to better predict and prevent future coronary events, for which prospective observational data is still lacking. OCT delineates microstructures of plaques, whereas IVUS visualizes macroscopic vascular structures. Specifically, plaque erosion, which has been underestimated in clinical practice, is gaining an interest due to the potential of OCT to make an in vivo diagnosis. Another potential future avenue for intravascular imaging is its use to guide treatment. Feasibility of tailored therapy for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) guided by OCT is under investigation. If it is proven to be effective, it may potentially lead to major shift in the management of millions of patients with ACS every year.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Angiography ; Angioscopy ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Coronary Thrombosis ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Pathology ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Prospective Studies ; Rupture ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Interventional

Coronary spasm generally occurs in patients with minimal atherosclerotic plaque lesion, and it has a rather favorable prognosis. However, in some cases, coronary spasm may induce myocardial infarction and even sudden cardiac death (SCD). Here, we report a case in which multi-vessel intractable coronary vasospasm suddenly occurred in a diffuse atherosclerotic lesion after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a patient with aborted SCD. We identified the characteristics of the spasm portion in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images and conducted percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass support-PCI with stenting as treatment. Intima and media thickening and a large attenuated plaque burden with rupture were identified in IVUS images at the obstructive spasm portion.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Coronary Vasospasm ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Prognosis ; Rupture ; Spasm ; Stents ; Ultrasonography

Atherosclerosis, characterized by chronic systemic inflammation with plaque formation, is one of the major causes of cerebrovascular disease. Recent advances in imaging technologies can help further understand the overall process and biology of plaque formation and rupture. Thus, these imaging techniques could aid clinicians to make better decision for risk stratification, therapeutic planning, and prediction of future cerebrovascular event. Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography are the rapidly-evolving imaging modalities dealing with assessment of atherosclerotic plaque. By advances in imaging technology for evaluating plaque, we can characterize the vulnerability of plaque in-vivo, understand the composition and activity of plaque, assess therapeutic response to treatment, and ultimately predict the overall risk of future cerebrovascular episodes. In this review, we will introduce current understanding of various advanced imaging modalities and clinical application of these imaging technologies.
Atherosclerosis ; Biology ; Carotid Artery Diseases ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Inflammation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Rupture ; Ultrasonography