Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an emerging tumor-targeted phototherapy that combines the tumor specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the phototoxicity of light absorbers to rapidly and selectively induce the immunogenic death of target tumor cells. PIT has minimal side effects due to its high specificity. The immunogenic cell death induced by PIT results in rapid maturation of immature dendritic cells proximal to dying tumor cells. Subsequently, the mature dendritic cells present the tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells and induce their activation and proliferation, thus enhancing the antitumor immune response of the host. PIT can also improve the anticancer efficacy by enhancing the penetration of nanomedicines into tumor tissues. In view of the excellent application prospects of PIT, this review summarizes the advances in the immune activation mechanism of PIT, the superenhanced permeability and retention effect, and the new strategies for combinatory therapy, providing references for future research and clinical translation.
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Photosensitizing Agents ; Phototherapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has developed rapidly in basic and clinical research, and its therapeutic prospects have received increasing attention. PDT has the advantages of minimally invasive, low toxicity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, protection of appearance and vital organ function, and has become a treatment. With the development of medicine, the field of application of PDT becomes more wildly, and brings a new direction for the treatment of oral diseases. This article reviews the basic principles, treatment elements and research results of PDT in the treatment of oral diseases.
Humans ; Mouth Diseases/drug therapy* ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use* ; Reproducibility of Results

With recent developments in photosensitizers and light delivery systems, topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has become the fourth alternative therapeutic approach in the management of oral leucoplakia (OLK) due to its minimally invasive nature, efficacy, and low risk of systemic side effects and disfigurement. This report presents step-by-step guidelines for applying topical ALA-PDT in the management of OLK based on both the clinical experience of the authors and a systematic review of the current literature. Studies using protocols with standardized parameters and randomized clinical trials at multiple centres with adequate sample sizes and both interim and long-term follow-ups are needed before universally applicable guidelines can be produced in this field.
Aminolevulinic Acid ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Leukoplakia, Oral ; therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; methods ; Photosensitizing Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) against multi-antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.epidermidis) obtained from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

METHODSForty-five CRS patients who had been given medical treatment but still needed endoscopic surgery were included in this study. The mucus from middle meatus was collected from these patients during surgery, followed by separation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and drug sensitive test. The strains which could form biofilm were selected. Light emitting diode (LED) array with a major wavelength of (633±10) nm was used as light source and 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was used as photosensitizer in this PDT experiment. The safe range of LED dose and ALA concentration which were not toxic to bacteria by themselves were confirmed, and then did PDT experiment on S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The data of bacterial colony forming unit were transformed to lgCFU before statistical analysis.The Graph Pad Prism 5 software was used to analyzed the data.

RESULTSThirteen S. aureus and 16 S. epidermidis were included in this experiment(from 45 patients), all of them were multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and four of S. aureus and five of S. epidermidis could form biofilm in each group. In planktonic S. aureus experiment, the mean lgCFU was 8.32±0.31 in control group whereas the experiment group was 6.47±0.67 (t=9.01, P<0.01), and in planktonic S. epidermidis experiment the final data was 8.34±0.20 (control group) and 6.97±0.59 (experiment group) (t=8.84, P<0.01). In biofilm S. aureus experiment, the mean lgCFU was 8.68±0.05 (control group), 6.90±0.96(experiment group) (t=3.68, P<0.05); and in biofilm S. epidermidis experiment the data was 8.67±0.05 (control group), 7.29±0.61 (experiment group, t=5.07, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONOur results demonstrated that ALA-mediated PDT on multi-antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis from CRS patients was effective in vitro. Additional work defining if the PDT treatment would damage the nasal mucosa and further checking the effectiveness of PDT in vivo is still needed.

Aminolevulinic Acid ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biofilms ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Humans ; Light ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents ; therapeutic use ; Rhinitis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Sinusitis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Staphylococcus

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical PUVA treatment of refractory lesions of mycosis fungoides.

METHODSFrom January 2008 to 2014, a total of 10 patients (4 males and 6 females) with mycosis fungoides were treated with topical PUVA in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, including 7 cases in plaque stage and 3 cases in tumor stage. The average number of lesions were 1.9±0.9. The median age of these patients was (46.0±9.4) years. The average course of disease was (12.4±7.7) years. Psoralen was applied topically on treatment area 30 min before total body UVA irradiation treatment, 3 times a week. And the efficiency and safety of the therapy were evaluated.

RESULTSAll the patients were treated with topical PUVA with a median total dose of (161.60±135.96) J/cm2 in an average of (18.10±14.61) fractions. Total dose of UVA was (1 953.25±829.73) J/cm2, and total number of treatment was (261.90±116.79) fractions. The total treatment time was (45.80±26.64) months. Complete clinical response (CR) rate was 60.0%, partial response (PR) rate was 30.0%, and the overall response rate (CR+PR) was 90.0%. One patient showed no response. No severe acute or chronic side effects were observed.

CONCLUSIONTopical PUVA therapy is effective in the treatment of refractory lesions of mycosis fungoides with little severe side effects.

Adult ; Female ; Ficusin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mycosis Fungoides ; drug therapy ; pathology ; PUVA Therapy ; Photosensitizing Agents ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

Although 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to be a novel and effective therapeutic modality for some human malignancies, its effect and mechanism on glioma are still controversial. Previous studies have reported that 5-ALA-PDT induced necrosis of C6 rat glioma cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to further investigate the effect and mechanism of 5-ALA-PDT on C6 gliomas implanted in rats in vivo. Twenty-four rats bearing similar size of subcutaneously implanted C6 rat glioma were randomly divided into 3 groups: receiving 5-ALA-PDT (group A), laser irradiation (group B), and mock procedures but without any treatment (group C), respectively. The growth, histology, microvessel density (MVD), and apoptosis of the grafts in each group were determined after the treatments. As compared with groups B and C, the volume of tumor grafts was significantly reduced (P<0.05), MVD was significantly decreased (P<0.001), and the cellular necrosis was obviously increased in group A. There was no significant difference in apoptosis among the three groups. The in vivo studies confirmed that 5-ALA-PDT may be an effective treatment for gliomas by inhibiting the tumor growth. The mechanism underlying may involve increasing the cellular necrosis but not inducing the cellular apoptosis, which may result from the destruction of the tumor microvessels.
Aminolevulinic Acid ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Brain Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Glioma ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Microvessels ; drug effects ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

The development of curvilinear EUS has enabled EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of intra-abdominal mass lesions. With the introduction of interventional EUS, this technology has undergone several modifications in order to be applied to clinical medicine. One of the potential uses of interventional EUS is the EUS-guided local therapy of pancreatic tumors. Various treatment modalities such as fine-needle injection, radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy, laser ablation, and brachytherapy have been tried under EUS guidance. Some of these modalities are being applied clinically. These methods for EUS-guided local therapy of pancreatic tumors will be reviewed in this article.
Animals ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Catheter Ablation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endosonography ; Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology/surgery/*therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use

Sixteen cases of malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS; 10 canines and six felines) were treated with a novel triple therapy that combined photodynamic therapy, hyperthermia using indocyanine green with a broadband light source, and local chemotherapy after surgical tumor resection. This triple therapy was called photodynamic hyperthermal chemotherapy (PHCT). In all cases, the surgical margin was insufficient. In one feline case, PHCT was performed without surgical resection. PHCT was performed over an interval of 1 to 2 weeks and was repeated three to 21 times. No severe side effects, including severe skin burns, necrosis, or skin suture rupture, were observed in any of the animals. No disease recurrence was observed in seven out of 10 (70.0%) dogs and three out of six (50.0%) cats over the follow-up periods ranging from 238 to 1901 days. These results suggest that PHCT decreases the risk of STS recurrence. PHCT should therefore be considered an adjuvant therapy for treating companion animals with STS in veterinary medicine.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cat Diseases/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; Cats ; Combined Modality Therapy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; Dogs ; Hyperthermia, Induced/veterinary ; Indocyanine Green/*therapeutic use ; Photochemotherapy/veterinary ; Photosensitizing Agents/*therapeutic use ; Sarcoma/drug therapy/surgery/therapy/*veterinary

Despite its more than 100-year history in experimental and clinical use, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is only starting to be appreciated for its full potential. PDT combines a photosensitizer and light in the presence of oxygen to treat cancer and other disorders. This paper reviews the molecular mechanism of PDT at the cellular level as well as in therapeutic settings in vivo. The availability of multiple photosensitizers with different structures and functional properties makes PDT an extremely versatile and, conversely, a challenging approach to cancer therapy. The advancing understanding of molecular pathways helps to design improved regimens. As most cancers are being treated with combined therapies, PDT is being integrated into rationally designed regimens that exploit molecular responses to PDT for improved efficacy.
Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents ; therapeutic use

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcH(1)) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on acute monocytic leukemia cell lines SHI-1 and its mechanism, so as to provide theory basis for bone marrow purging in vitro for patients with leukemia. The killing effect of ZnPcH(1)-PDT on SHI-1 cells were assessed by MTT method; the SHI-1 cell death patterns were analyzed by AO/EB fluorescence staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), DNA ploidy analysis, and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining.Cell mixture was established by integrating SHI-1 cells with normal bone marrow MNC (by 1:100-1:10 000). Purging effect of ZnPcH(1)-PDT against SHI-1 mixed into normal MNC was assessed by analyzing the expression of fusion gene MLL/AF6 mRNA using nested RT-PCR. The results showed that ZnPcH(1)-PDT could effectively inhibit SHI-1 cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner, and ZnPcH(1)-PDT could induce cell apoptosis in time-dependent manner. 0.5 µmol/L ZnPcH(1)-PDT could completely photoinactivated kill SHI-1 cells in the simulated remission bone marrow. It concluded that ZnPcH(1)-PDT may be a effective and convenient promising purging technique for leukemia.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Bone Marrow Purging ; methods ; Cell Death ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Humans ; Indoles ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Organometallic Compounds ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use