OBJECTIVE: To summarize the advances in MRI-based bone quality scoring systems and their clinical applications. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on recent studies related to the MRI-based bone quality scoring system, focusing on measurement methods, influencing factors, and clinical significance. RESULTS: Osteoporosis has a high incidence in China, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and the postoperative outcomes of related orthopedic surgeries. Early identification of osteoporosis holds important clinical significance. In recent years, both domestic and international research has enriched the MRI-based bone quality scoring systems, which includes vertebral bone quality scoring, endplate bone quality scoring, and pedicle bone quality scoring. Compared to the "gold standard" of bone density measurement, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, the bone quality scoring systems demonstrate good efficacy in identifying abnormal bone mass and predicting postoperative complications, while being less influenced by degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, indicating its important clinical application value. CONCLUSION The MRI-based bone quality scoring systems have good value in clinical applications. However, current studies are mostly retrospective cohort and case-control studies, which carry a risk of bias. The clinical application value needs further clarification through meta-analysis and large-scale prospective studies.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Bone Density ; Osteoporosis/diagnosis* ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging* ; Quality of Life ; Postoperative Complications

OBJECTIVES: To explore the application of the colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method in detecting gonadotropin (Gn) in morning urine for assessing pubertal development status in children. METHODS: A total of 132 children diagnosed with central precocious puberty (CPP), early and fast puberty (EFP), and premature thelarche (PT) at Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from November 2021 to December 2022 were included, along with 685 healthy children who underwent routine health examinations at the hospital's pediatric health care department during the same period. All 132 patients underwent a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. Both patients and healthy children had their urinary Gn levels measured using the colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method, including levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The correlation between serum Gn and urinary Gn detected by the two methods, as well as the correlation between Tanner stages of healthy children and urinary Gn, was analyzed. RESULTS: Urine Gn levels detected by both the colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method showed a positive correlation with serum LH baseline values, LH peak values, baseline LH/FSH ratios, and peak LH/FSH ratios (P<0.05). In healthy children, urinary LH levels detected by the chemiluminescence method gradually increased from Tanner stage Ⅰ to Ⅳ (P<0.05), while urinary FSH levels were lower in Tanner stage I than in stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV (P<0.05). Urinary LH levels detected by the colloidal gold method were lower in Tanner stage I compared to stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV, with the highest levels observed in Tanner stage Ⅳ (P<0.05). Additionally, urinary FSH levels in Tanner stage Ⅲ were higher than in stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for evaluating Tanner stages I and II in healthy children using urinary LH and FSH levels by the chemiluminescence method and urinary LH levels by the colloidal gold method were 0.730, 0.699, and 0.783, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method for detecting Gn in morning urine show good correlation with serum Gn levels. As a non-invasive and convenient detection method, the colloidal gold method can serve as a useful tool for screening the onset of pubertal development in children.
Humans ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Gold Colloid ; Luminescent Measurements/methods* ; Gonadotropins/urine* ; Puberty ; Luteinizing Hormone/urine* ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/urine*

BACKGROUND: High visceral fat mass (FM) is associated with a high risk of cardiometabolic morbidity. Meanwhile, loss of skeletal muscle (lean mass, LM) has been suggested to contribute to metabolic diseases. METHODS: We investigated associations between cardiometabolic diseases and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured body composition indices, including the FM index (FM/height²), percent body fat, trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR), trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR), LM index (LM/height²) and FM-to-LM ratio in 595 community-dwelling elderly Japanese men (mean age, 74 years; standard deviation, 6; range, 65 to 94). Hypertension was identified as high blood pressure and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes was identified as high hemoglobin A1c and/or the use of antidiabetic drugs. The ability of DXA-based indices to discriminate between the presence and absence of cardiometabolic diseases was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Body mass index, FM index, percent body fat, TAR, TLR and FM-to-LM ratio were significantly associated with hypertension (P < 0.05). TAR and TLR, but not body mass index, FM index, percent body fat, LM index and FM-to-LM ratio, showed significant positive associations with diabetes. The AUC for the LM index was significantly lower than those for the FM index, percent body fat and FM-to-LM ratio. No associations were observed between the LM index and hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. CONCLUSION The association between cardiometabolic function and LM, which includes skeletal muscle, may not be as pronounced or stronger than associations between cardiometabolic function and FM. Further detailed studies are needed to clarify how skeletal muscle contributes to cardiometabolic disease.
Humans ; Male ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Aged ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Body Composition ; Aged, 80 and over ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Body Mass Index ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Osteoporosis/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; East Asian People

OBJECTIVES: To analyze bone mass distribution and the factors affecting bone mass in a general Chinese Han cohort undergoing physical examinations at our center. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the data of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements from 30 599 healthy Han Chinese adults (age≥20 years) who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at our hospital from July, 2013 to July, 2023. Basic parameters including height, body weight, and gender were recorded, and descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed using R software. RESULTS: In this cohort, the male individuals had a mean peak BMD of 1.00±0.12 g/cm² in the lumbar vertebrae, 0.94±0.14 g/cm² in the femoral neck, and 0.99±0.13 g/cm² in the total hip, significantly higher than the values in the female individuals [0.99±0.12 g/cm² in the lumbar vertebrae (P=0.022), 0.79±0.11 g/cm² in the femoral neck (P<0.001), and 0.88±0.11 g/cm² in the total hip (P<0.001)]. In the overall cohort, the BMD values of the lumbar spine and femur decreased with age after reaching their peak levels. There was a positive correlation between BMD value and body mass index (BMI) in both male and female individuals. The 2013-2014 period recorded the lowest BMD values in the lumbar, hip, and femoral neck, which tended to increase steadily in the following years (2015-2023). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the BMD values vary among different populations, and future multi-center studies using more accurate BMD detection technology are warranted to capture the variation patterns of BMD with demographic characteristics of specific populations.
Humans ; Bone Density ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Osteoporosis/diagnostic imaging* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging* ; China/epidemiology* ; Femur Neck/diagnostic imaging* ; Aged ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Young Adult

The fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) catalyzes the oxidation of endogenous caffeic acid to produce green bioluminescence through an enzymatic cascade. Genetic engineering of FBP into plants creates autoluminescent specimens that circumvent the substrate limitations of conventional reporter systems. These transgenic plants serve dual functions as aesthetic displays and versatile biosensing platforms, enabling applications in real-time gene expression monitoring, continuous environmental surveillance, and non-invasive bioimaging, offering novel opportunities for horticultural production, environmental conservation, and bioengineering applications. This review synthesizes current advances in plant FBP engineering and explores how machine learning approaches can optimize autoluminescent phenotypes, thereby accelerating innovation in agricultural biotechnology, environmental sensing, and synthetic biology applications.
Fungi/genetics* ; Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism* ; Genetic Engineering ; Biosensing Techniques ; Luminescent Measurements ; Caffeic Acids/metabolism* ; Luminescence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of depression and social anxiety in children and adolescents, and to analyze the association between body fat distribution and depression, social anxiety in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1 412 children aged 7 to 18 years in Beijing were included by stratified cluster random sampling method. Body fat distribution, including total body fat percentage (total BF%), Android BF%, Gynoid BF% and Android-to-Gynoid fat ratio (AOI), were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorption method. Depression and social anxiety were evaluated by Children Depression Inventory and Social Anxiety Scale for Children. Multivariate linear regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to estimate the linear and non-linear correlation between body fat distribution and depression and social anxiety. RESULTS: 13.1% and 31.1% of the children and adolescents had depressive symptoms and social anxiety symptoms respectively, and the detection rate of depression and social anxiety in the boys and young groups was significantly lower than those in the girls and old groups. There was no significant linear correlation between total BF%, Android BF%, Gynoid BF%, AOI and depression and social anxiety in the children and adolescents. However, total BF% and Gynoid BF% had significant nonlinear correlation with depression, showing an inverted U-shaped curve relationship with the tangent points of 26.8% and 30.9%, respectively. In terms of the nonlinear association of total BF%, Android BF%, Gynoid BF% and AOI with depression and social anxiety, the change trends of the boys and girls, low age group and high age group were consistent. The overall anxiety risk HR of body fat distribution in the boys was significantly higher than that in the girls, and the risk HR of depression and social anxiety were significantly higher in the high age group than those in the low age group. CONCLUSION There was no significant linear correlation between body fat distribution and depression and social anxiety in children and adolescents. Total BF% and depression showed an inverted U-shaped curve, mainly manifested in Gynoid BF%, and this trend was consistent in different genders and different age groups. Maintaining children and adolescents' body fat distribution at an appropriate level is the future direction of the prevention and control of depression and social anxiety in children and adolescents.
Humans ; Female ; Child ; Male ; Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; X-Rays ; Depression/epidemiology* ; Absorptiometry, Photon/methods* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Fat Distribution ; Anxiety/epidemiology* ; Adipose Tissue ; Body Composition

Objective To compare the consistency of quantitative ultrasound(QUS)and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA)in measuring bone mineral density(BMD)of adults aged 18-40 years in Guangzhou and evaluate the diagnostic value of QUS for identifying low bone mass.Methods DXA was employed to measure the BMD and QUS to measure the speed of sound(SOS)in 731 participants.The Bland-Altman analysis was performed to evaluate the consistency of Z scores between SOS and BMD.With the BMD Z ≤-2.00 as the diagnostic criterion for low bone mass,the receiver operating characteristics curve of QUS was established,and the area under the curve(AUC)and the sensitivity,specificity,and correct diagnostic index for the optimal cut-off of SOS Z score were calculated.Results The results of Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean differences in the Z scores of SOS and BMD in males and females were 1.27(-0.94 to 3.47)and 0.93(-1.33 to 3.18),respectively.The AUC of SOS Z score in the diagnosis of low bone mass in males and females was 0.734(95%CI=0.380-0.788)and 0.679(95%CI=0.625-0.732),respectively.In males,the optimal cut-off of SOS Z score for low bone mass was -0.35,with the sensitivity,specificity,and correct diagnostic index of 64.1%,68.6%,and 0.327,respectively.In females,the optimal cut-off value of SOS Z scores for low bone mass was -1.14,with the sensitivity,specificity,and correct index of 73.9%,54.8%,and 0.285,respectively.Conclusion QUS and DXA show poor consistency in the diagnosis of BMD in the adults aged 18-40 years in Guangzhou,while QUS demonstrates an acceptable value in identifying low bone mass.
Male ; Female ; Adult ; Humans ; Absorptiometry, Photon/methods* ; Bone Density ; Ultrasonography ; Bone and Bones ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of denosumab on bone mineral density around proximal femoral prosthesis after total hip arthroplasty(THA) in the postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. METHODS: Fifty-four consecutive patients underwent unilateral primary THA were included in this retrospective study. Twenty-five patients received denosumab for osteoporosis as the treatment group, and the twenty-nine without denosumab were the control group. At 1 week, 3month, 6 months, and 12 months after THA, bone turnover markers and proximal femoral periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. RESULTS: At 3, 6 and 12 months after operation, the level of TRACP-5b in the control group was significantly higher than that in the treatment group (P<0.05);the level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) between two groups showed significant difference in 12 months after operation (control group was higher than treatment group, P<0.05). The BMD of Gruen 1 and Gruen 7 decreased at 3, 6 and 12 months after operation compared with 1 week after operation. Comparing the treatment group and the control group, the differences of the the decrease of BMD in Gruen 1 and Gruen 7 were no significant at 3 months after surgery. In Gruen 1, Gruen 7 at 6 months after operation and Gruen 1, Gruen 7 at 12 months after operation, the decrease of BMD in the control group was significantly higher than that in the treatment group(P<0.05). It is suggested that desudumab could inhibit the loss of BMD after 6 months, and continuously show a protective effect on bone mass at 12 months after operation. CONCLUSION After THA in postmenopausal patients with osteoporotic femoral neck fracture, Desuzumab can reduce the loss of BMD around the proximal femoral prosthesis and effectively inhibit bone resorption.
Humans ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Bone Density ; Denosumab/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Postmenopause ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone Remodeling ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip Prosthesis

OBJECTIVES: To establish a rapid and nondestructive identification method for human body fluid stains and non-biological stains using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. METHODS: The collected three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum data of human saliva, 3% blood, coffee and Fanta^® stains were processed with dimensionality reduction. After wavelet transform, spectral denoising and feature extraction, the classification formula was established. The Fisher discriminant was used for spectrum matching and recognition to establish the analysis method to distinguish stain types. RESULTS: According to the results of data training and comparison, all the recognition accuracies of Fanta^®, coffee, saliva and blood were more than 91.39%. Among them, saliva reached 100% recognition accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is a potential method for rapid and nondestructive identification of biological and non-biological stains.
Humans ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Coloring Agents/analysis* ; Coffee ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Body Fluids/chemistry*

Objective: To establish a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method for the determination of trace gallium in whole blood. Methods: From January to May 2021, the five factors of ashing temperature, ashing time, atomization temperature, atomization time and matrix modifier concentration in the determination of gallium in whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were optimized by using L(16) (4(5)) orthogonal test design. At the same time, within-run, between-run, spiking recovery test and other methodological indicators were tested. Results: Under the optimized detection conditions, the linear range of determination of gallium in whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was 0.29-100.00 μg/L (r=0.9991) . The within-run and between-run relative standard deviations (RSD) of repetitive measurement at 10.0, 50.0, 80.0 μg/L concentration levels were 2.3%-4.4% and 1.5%-3.6%, the recovery rate of spiking was 98.1%-103.8%, and the detection limit of the method was 0.13 μg/L. Conclusion: Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of trace gallium in whole blood is easy to operate, has a wide linear range, low detection limit, accurate and reliable results, which is suitable for occupational health examinations and the determination of acute gallium poisoning.
Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods* ; Graphite/chemistry* ; Gallium ; Limit of Detection ; Temperature