Objective: To explore the phonological processes in initial consonants of Putonghua-speaking children in Jiangsu urban areas. Methods: A status survey was applied. From December 2014 to September 2015, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 958 children aged 1 to 6 years with Putonghua as their mother tongue in the urban area of Nanjing, Changzhou, Yangzhou and Xuzhou to examine their phonological performance. Speech samples were collected by the method of picture naming. The children were divided into 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years). Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the phonological processes in initial consonants at different age groups. Results: Among the 958 children, there were 482 boys and 476 girls. The age of the children was (3.8±1.4) years. The number of children in the 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years) is 100, 110, 110, 114, 114, 114, 111, 119, and 66, separately. The process of substitution was found in the speech of 701 children (73.2%), syllable structure simplification was found in 194 children (20.3%), distortion was found in 41 children (4.3%), and assimilation was found in 17 children (1.8%). Among these 4 types of processes, the occurrence of substitution was highest in all the age groups, ranging from 30.3% (20/66) to 94.5% (104/110). The occurrence of syllable structure simplification ranged from 27.3% (30/110) to 91.0% (91/100) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0.9% (1/114) to 7.9% (9/114) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of distortion ranged from 7.3% (8/110) to 19.1% (21/110) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0 (0/114) to 2.7% (3/111) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of assimilation was very low in all age groups, ranging from 0 (0/114) to 3.0% (3/100) among all age groups. For substitution, the occurrence order of mainly individual processes from high to low was listed as follows: retroflexion 35.4% (339/958), deretroflexion 31.6% (303/958), lateralization 27.9% (267/958), stopping 17.8% (171/958), backing 14.2% (136/958), palatalization 10.9% (104/958), fronting 10.6% (102/958), and nasalization 5.8% (56/958). From the 4.0-<4.5 years of age group onwards, the phonological processes in initial consonants all met suppression criteria (the occurrence of processes was reduced to<10%) except retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization. Conclusions: The processes of syllable structure simplification and distortion mainly appears in the early stage of speech sound development, while substitution is the major form of phonological pattern in initial consonants found in developmental speech errors. By 4 years of age, phonological processes in initial consonants almost disappear. The remaining processes that persisted for a longer period of time are retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Phonetics ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Speech could be used, because it was a neuromuscular movement without teeth contact. The method was stable, however it was used more in vertical relation deciding. More study was needed in the horizontal relation deciding. This article was to explain why and how to use phonetic method to decide jaws relation, through literature review.
Denture Design ; Denture, Complete ; Jaw ; Phonetics

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cochlear implant (CI) changes the way that sound inputs are processed in the brain, possibly causing brain reorganization. Given that the pattern and degree of reorganization are known to be related to speech perception skill, information regarding hemispheric asymmetry can be used to predict behavioral performances in CI users. The current study investigated the hemispheric asymmetry of N1 dipole cortical activity in response to the temporally varied speech sounds and its relationship to speech perception abilities in adult CI users. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: The cortical activity was recorded from 64 scalp electrodes in 10 CI users and 11 normal-hearing controls. Speech stimuli were synthesized consonant-vowels, the /ba/-/pa/ continuum that ranged from 0 to 50 ms with a 6-step voice onset time (VOT). N1 dipole amplitudes, latencies, and locations were analyzed as a function of VOT and the direction of implantation. Also investigated was the relationship between N1 dipole lateralization and speech perception. RESULTS: For the N1 dipole location, significant location differences between CI and normal hearing groups were seen at 40 ms VOT in the anterior-posterior direction. For hemispheric asymmetry, the N1 dipole activity in good CI performers was higher in the auditory cortex contralateral to the stimulated ear, while poor CI performers showed greater ipsilateral activity. In addition, a lateralization index at 20 ms VOT showed significant correlation with the /ba/-/pa/ consonant perception scores in noise. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the hemispheric asymmetry of N1 dipole activity in response to stimuli of temporally varied speech has a substantial clinical value, and that this can be used to estimate CI speech perception.
Adult ; Auditory Cortex ; Brain ; Cochlear Implants ; Ear ; Electrodes ; Hearing ; Humans ; Methods ; Noise ; Phonetics ; Scalp ; Speech Perception ; Voice

This report is a case of 76-year old male patient who had difficulty in swallowing, pronunciation and suffered regurgitation of food. The patient lacks uvula and both tonsils, had short palatoglossal arch and soft palate, as well as defective left palatopharyngeal arch. The height and width of the soft palate defect were measured by reconstructing the Computed Tomography (CT) image in three dimensions. Phonation and soft palate obstructing ability were examined by nasometry and nasal endoscopy. Evaluations on phonetics and swallowing were done and improvements were shown. The patient was satisfied with the results of treatment.
Deglutition ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Jaw, Edentulous ; Male ; Palate, Soft ; Palatine Tonsil ; Phonation ; Phonetics ; Rehabilitation ; Uvula

This report is a case of 38-year old female patient who had a chief complaint about having pronounciation disorder after going under mass excision due to mucoepidermoid carcinoma. She was referred to department of prosthodontics, Yonsei university. Palatal lift prosthesis was fabricated which was then relined with tissue conditioner. Evaluations on phonetics and swallowing were done and improvements were shown. Tissue conditioner was replaced with heat polymerizing resin and the patient was satisfied with the results of treatment.
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid ; Deglutition ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Phonetics ; Polymers ; Prostheses and Implants* ; Prosthodontics

Pathologic attrition leads to pathologic damage on occlusal plane, functional disorders, occlusal disharmony, esthetic problems, pulpal lesion, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. In this case, treatment plan should be considered for possibility of vertical dimension loss, occlusal pattern, esthetics, phonetics, amount of vertical dimension increase. This case report was a 71-year-old man who had severely worn dentition. Full mouth rehabilitation was carried out with vertical dimension increase due to limited space for prosthesis. After evaluation of provisional restorations for patient's compliance, final restorations were fabricated and routine clinical assessments were made. This case presents that a satisfactory clinical result was achieved by restoring the worn dentition.
Aged ; Compliance ; Dental Occlusion ; Dentition* ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Mouth Rehabilitation* ; Mouth* ; Phonetics ; Prostheses and Implants ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Tooth Wear ; Vertical Dimension

After the resection of oral tumor, defected maxillofacial structure caused functional difficulties including phonetics, mastication and esthetic aspects. In this cases, implant retained prosthesis can contribute to the functional enhancement. Regardless of the success rate in grafted bone, however, the soft tissue usually had a shape which was susceptible to inflammation. Moreover, infected graft bone presented rapid destruction. For success of the prosthetic treatment, adequate soft tissue treatment and frequent recall check are the essential factors to the successful implant prognosis.
Humans ; Inflammation ; Mastication ; Maxillofacial Prosthesis ; Phonetics ; Prognosis ; Prostheses and Implants ; Rehabilitation* ; Transplants

Mandible defects could be caused by congenital malformations, trauma, osteomyelitis, tumor resection. If large areas are included for reconstruction, those are primarily due to tumor resection defects. The large jaw defect results in a problem about mastication, swallowing, occlusion and phonetics, and poor esthetics causes a lot of inconvenience in daily life. It is almost impossible to be a part underwent mandibular resection completely reproduced, should be rebuilt artificially. This case is of a patient who was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma pT1N0M0, stage I in February 2004 and received surgery (combined mandibulectomy and neck dissection operation (COMMANDO) in oromaxillofacial surgery) in March 2004, by implant assisted removable partial denture. We could obtain good retention and stability through sufficient coverage and implant holding. Follow up period was about four years. Mandibular left third molar regions have been observed to have resorption of surrounding bone, and periodic check-ups are necessary conditions.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Deglutition ; Denture, Partial, Removable* ; Esthetics ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Jaw ; Mandible ; Mastication ; Molar, Third ; Mouth Neoplasms* ; Neck Dissection ; Osteomyelitis ; Phonetics

OBJECTIVE: To understand the vowel duration and statement reading of the adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) patients compared with their normal controls, and provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHOD: Twenty-nine ADSD patients were included in the research, with 31 normal controls. All subjects filled in form voice handicap index (VHI) by themselves. Maximum phonetic time (MPT) and maximum loudness phonetic time(MLPT) were tested on /a/ sound for all patients. Also, all the patients were required to read aloud a standard mandarin assay named , duration were measured with Praat5. 0 software after sounds were collected. A one-way t-test was performed to compare spasmodic group with control group on VHI, MPT, MLPT and duration for reading standard sentences. Pearson/Spearman correlation was tested. Result: The VHI of the 29 ADSD patients is 89±12, and their normal controls 15±16, indicating that the VHI in ADSD group is significantly higher than in the control group(P<0. 01). The MPT of the ADSD group is(16. 9±9. 8 s), and the control group is (25. 3±10.0)s, indicating that MPT in the ADSD group is significantly shorter than the control group(P<0. 01). The MLPT of the ADSD group is (15.7±7. 6)s, and the control group is (26. 5±11. 4)s, indicating that MLPT in the ADSD group is significantly shorter than the control group (P<0. 01). The duration of standard sentence reading of the ADSD group is (55.0±14. 2)s, and the control group is (37. 8±4. 8)s, indicating that the duration of standard sentence reading in the ADSD group is significantly longer than the control group (P<0. 01). Correlation analysis showed that MPT and MLPT are related within the ADSD group(r=0. 697,P< 0.01), other indexes being tested have no significant correlations. CONCLUSION The voice disorder condition of the ADSD patients is significantly worse than normal people. Their pronunciations on continuous vowels are not lasting compared with normal people. In the meantime, their ability to read sentences is worse than normal people, needing longer time to complete the reading task. There is a significant correlation between MLPT and MPT, which can be used as an alternative to MPT.
Case-Control Studies ; Dysphonia ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Phonetics ; Voice Quality

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a need for fast and reliable objective measures of cochlear implant (CI) performance, especially in young children. The aim of the study was to investigate the detection and characterization of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) of different types of sound stimulation in CI listeners using a commercially available system, HEARLab™. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Sound field CAEPs were obtained from 10 CI listeners, using three natural speech sounds (/m/, /g/, and /t/) presented at 55, 65, and 75 dB SPL. Detection rates, the latencies and amplitudes of CAEP waves were analyzed and compared with those of the normal hearing (NH) group. RESULTS: It was possible to detect CAEP responses in all CI listeners. Of the three stimuli (/m/, /g/, /t/), /g/ was the most robust waveform, although this was not statistically significant. Latencies for the /m/ stimulus were relatively longer than those for /t/ and especially for /g/, suggesting that CI listeners hear high-frequency sounds better than low-frequency sounds. When compared to the NH group, CAEP of CI listeners tended to show smaller amplitudes of various waves and longer latencies especially at P1 wave. CONCLUSION: CAEP responses could be obtained in all CI listeners and normal adults successfully, indicating that CAEP can be applied clinically as an objective assessment tool of hearing. Further studies are needed for CI listeners especially in infants and toddlers using this protocol to assess its clinical usefulness.
Adult ; Auditory Cortex ; Child ; Cochlear Implants* ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory* ; Hearing ; Humans ; Infant ; Methods ; Phonetics