Objective:To compare the clinical outcomes of reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects using superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap （SCIA PF） and radial forearm free flap （RFF）. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 patients with head, neck, and maxillofacial tumors who were treated in our department from June 2019 to January 2024. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical method used: the SCIA group（n=45）, who underwent reconstruction with SCIA PF, and the RFF group（n=45）, who received RFF reconstruction. Six months postoperatively, clinical efficacy was evaluated by comparing flap swelling, flap survival rate, and patient satisfaction. Oral function was assessed using standardized scoring systems before surgery, at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-surgery. Hemorheological parameters, including high-shear viscosity（shear rate 200/s）, low-shear viscosity（shear rate 30/s）, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate（ESR）, were also measured at each time point. Results:Compared with the RFF group, the SCIA group showed significantly larger flap size, longer flap harvesting and reconstruction times, earlier nasogastric tube removal and oral intake initiation, higher scores in all aspects of oral function, reduced flap edema and faster resolution, higher flap survival rates, and greater overall satisfaction （all P<0.05）. During the follow-up period （preoperative, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-surgery）, hemorheological indices including high-and low-shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index, and ESR progressively decreased in the SCIA group （P<0.05）. In the RFF group, these parameters improved significantly by 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperatively and 1-week postoperatively, with a notable decrease in erythrocyte aggregation index at 6 months （P<0.05）. Conclusion:Compared with RFF, SCIA PF provides larger flaps, better functional recovery, higher patient satisfaction, improved flap survival, fewer complications, and more favorable hemorheological profiles following reconstructive surgery for oral and maxillofacial defects.
Humans ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Iliac Artery/transplantation* ; Forearm/surgery* ; Male ; Female ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery* ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Adult

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of posterior lateral perforator flap in lower limb combined with free fibula for maxillary tissue defect repair. METHODS: Between December 2018 and December 2023, 16 patients with the maxillary malignant tumors were admitted. There were 10 males and 6 females, with an average age of 64.3 years (range, 54-75 years). There were 7 cases of maxillary gingival cancer, 5 cases of hard palate cancer, and 4 cases of maxillary sinus cancer. According to the 2017 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM stage, there were 8 cases of stage Ⅲ, 6 cases of stage Ⅳa, and 2 cases of stage Ⅳb. After resection of the lesion, the remaining maxillary defects were classified into class Ⅱa in 3 cases, class Ⅱb in 5 cases, and class Ⅲb in 8 cases according to Brown's classification. The size of soft tissue defects ranged from 4 cm×3 cm to 8 cm×6 cm. The posterior lateral perforator flap in lower limb in size of 5 cm×4 cm-9 cm×7 cm were harvested to repair soft tissue defects, and free fibula in length of 6-11 cm were used to repair bone defects. The donor sites of the lower limb were sutured directly (6 cases) or repaired with free skin grafting (10 cases). Six patients with positive lymph node pathology were treated with radiotherapy after operation. At 6 and 12 months after operation, the self-assessment was performed by the University of Washington Quality of Survival Questionnaire Form (QUW-4) in five dimensions (facial appearance, swallowing function, chewing function, speech function, and mouth opening), and swallowing function was evaluated by using the Kubota water swallowing test. RESULTS: Postoperative pathological examination showed that all patients were squamous cell carcinoma. One patient who was treated with radiotherapy developed osteomyelitis and 1 patient developed venous crisis of skin flap. The rest of the flaps and all skin grafts survived, and the wounds healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 1-5 years (mean, 2.8 years). Two patients died of local recurrence of the tumor at the 4th and 5th years after operation, respectively. Except for the chewing function score and total score at 6 months after operation, which showed significant differences compared to preoperative scores ( P<0.05), there was no significant difference in other QUW-4 scale scores between different time points ( P>0.05). The patients' swallowing function evaluated by Kubota water swallowing test reached normal in 4 cases, suspicious in 9 cases, and abnormal in 3 cases at 6 months after operation, and 10, 6, and 0 cases at 12 months after operation, respectively. The swallowing function at 12 months was significantly better than that at 6 months ( Z=-2.382, P=0.017). CONCLUSION The posterior lateral perforator flap in the lower limb combined with free fibula to repair maxillary tissue defects can repair soft and hard tissue defects at the same time, so that the patient's facial appearance, swallowing function, chewing function, speech function, and mouth opening are satisfactorily restored and the mid-term effectiveness is good.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Fibula/surgery* ; Aged ; Perforator Flap ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Maxilla/surgery* ; Maxillary Neoplasms/surgery* ; Free Tissue Flaps/transplantation* ; Lower Extremity/surgery* ; Bone Transplantation/methods* ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of free paraumbilical perforator flaps in repairing skin and soft tissue defects in children. METHODS: Between February 2018 and March 2024, 12 children with skin and soft tissue defects were treated with the free paraumbilical perforator flaps. There were 7 boys and 5 girls with an average age of 6.3 years (range, 2-12 years). The defects located on the upper limbs in 6 cases, lower limbs in 5 cases, and neck in 1 case. The causes of wounds included 7 cases of electrical burns, 1 case of thermal burn, 2 cases of scar release and excision due to scar contraction after burns, 1 case of scar ulcer at the amputation stump after severe burns, and 1 case of skin necrosis after a traffic accident injury. The size of defects after debridement ranged from 7.0 cm×4.0 cm to 18.0 cm×10.0 cm. According to the defect size, 11 cases were repaired with unilateral paraumbilical perforator flaps centered on the umbilicus, among which 3 cases with larger defects were designed as "L"-shaped flaps along the lateral and lower ends of the perforator; the donor sites were directly closed. One case with extensive defect after scar excision and release was repaired with bilateral expanded paraumbilical perforator flaps; the donor sites were repaired with autologous split-thickness skin grafts. The size of flaps ranged from 9.0 cm×4.0 cm to 20.0 cm×11.0 cm. Postoperatively, analgesia and sedation were provided, and the blood supply of the flaps was observed. RESULTS: All operations were successfully completed. The operation time was 4-7 hours, with an average of 5.0 hours. After postoperative analgesia and sedation, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain in all children was less than or equal to 3, and there was no non-cooperation due to pain. All flaps and skin grafts survived completely, and the wounds healed by first intention. Ten children underwent 1-4 times of flap de-fatting, finger separation, and trimming. All children were followed up 6-48 months (mean, 26.6 months). No obvious swelling of the flaps occurred, and the texture was soft. At last follow-up, among the 6 children with upper limb defects, 2 had upper limb function grade Ⅳ and 4 had upper limb function grade Ⅴ according to the Carroll upper limb function assessment method. The 4 children with lower limb defects had no limitation of joint movement. The neck flexion and rotation in the 1 child with neck defect significantly improved when compared with that before operation. The 1 child with residual ulcer at the amputation stump could wear a prosthesis and move without limitation, and no new ulcer occurred. Linear scars were left at the donor sites, and no abdominal wall hernia was formed. CONCLUSION The free paraumbilical perforator flap has abundant blood supply and can be harvested in large size. It can be used to repair skin and soft tissue defects in children and has the advantages of short operation time, minimal injury, high safety, and minimal impact on the growth and development of children.
Humans ; Perforator Flap/transplantation* ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Child, Preschool ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Burns/surgery* ; Umbilicus/surgery* ; Skin Transplantation/methods* ; Skin/injuries* ; Cicatrix/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To review the nomenclature, functional unit construction, technical essentials, and prevention and treatment of complications of functional perforator flaps, so as to provide references for the structural and functional reconstruction of composite tissue defects. METHODS: By retrieving and analyzing domestic and foreign literature on anatomical research, technical innovation and clinical application of functional design and application of perforator flaps, combined with the clinical practice of our team, the methods for harvesting and integrating functional units of perforator flaps were summarized. RESULTS: Functional perforator flap refers to a perforator flap that, on the basis of perforator blood supply, carries one or more tissue functional units (such as muscles, nerves, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, bones, mucous membranes, joints or articular cartilages, etc.) with sufficient blood supply located in the supra-fascia and/or sub-fascia, and is used to reconstruct one or more functions of the recipient site. The design and transfer of functional perforator flaps should not only meet the needs of precise coverage of the wound, but also reconstruct the functions of the recipient site such as muscle contraction, flap sensation, lymphatic drainage, blood flow bridging, bone growth, glandular secretion or joint movement, while avoiding iatrogenic dysfunction in the donor site. CONCLUSION Functional perforator flaps have broken through the limitation of "wound coverage" and realize the integrated reconstruction of "structure-function-aesthetics".
Humans ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Tissue and Organ Harvesting/methods* ; Skin Transplantation/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical applications of functional perforator flaps in restoring human body functions. METHODS: An extensive literature review was conducted on both domestic and international publications to summarize the clinical use of functional perforator flaps for functional restoration. RESULTS: Perforator flaps are among the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive surgery. Beyond providing soft tissue repair, they are increasingly employed to reconstruct diverse bodily functions, leading us to propose the concept of the "functional perforator flap". Although various forms of functional perforator flaps are currently utilized, reports are predominantly scattered case studies, lacking systematic organization. Commonly used functional perforator flaps can be categorized into five types: chimeric perforator flaps, perforator flaps for nerve function restoration, perforator flaps for lymphatic drainage enhancement, flow-through perforator flaps, and perforator flaps for restoring bone and joint motion. These flaps significantly broaden the application scope of perforator flaps, elevating the goal of reconstruction from mere wound repair to achieving repair concurrent with functional reconstruction. CONCLUSION The application of various functional perforator flap designs significantly improves wound reconstruction outcomes and represents an effective approach for managing complex defects. Future developments will undoubtedly see more forms of functional perforator flaps reported to meet increasingly sophisticated reconstructive demands.
Humans ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Skin Transplantation/methods* ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical outcome of sensory reconstruction about the functional perforator flap for repairing the complex defects on the limbs. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 21 patients with limb complex defects admitted between March 2018 and January 2023. There were 12 males and 9 females, with a median age of 36 years (range, 19-62 years). The wounds were on the upper limbs (hands) in 13 cases and the lower limbs (feet) in 8 cases. Five patients with tumor/scar, and the left defects after en-bloc resection of the tumor lesion and scar were repaired immediately. The remaining 16 cases were acute/chronic wounds, undergoing the emergent debridement and vacuum sealing drainage placement, and the left defects were repaired with flaps during second-stage operation. The size of the defects ranged from 5.5 cm×4.5 cm to 17.0 cm×12.0 cm. The donor sites were located on the thoracic and back in 4 cases, the anterior lateral thigh in 6 cases, and the feet in 11 cases. All flaps were functional perforator flaps with sensory nerve. The donor sites were closed directly or repaired with skin grafting. At last follow-up, the sensation of flap and the muscle strength of recipient site were evaluated according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) sensory grading (S₀-S₄) and muscle strength grading (M₀-M₅) criteria. RESULTS: Twenty flaps survived completely without significant complication, and partial edge necrosis was observed in 1 flap, which healed after the debridement and skin grafting. The donor and recipient sites healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 10-18 months (mean, 12 months). At last follow-up, the flaps with satisfactory shape and soft texture were observed, and no abnormal hair growth or pigmentation occurred. The sensation of flap was evaluated as S₁ in 2 cases, S₂ in 7, S₃ in 9, and S₄ in 3. The muscle strength of recipient site was evaluated as M₂ in 4 cases, M₃ in 9, M₄ in 5, and M₅ in 3. Only linear scars were left at the donor site. CONCLUSION The functional perforator flap with sensory nerve is beneficial for early sensation reconstruction for repairing the complex defects on the limbs, and could reconstruct the functional subunit structure defect in one stage. The short-term functional follow-up results are satisfactory.
Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Perforator Flap/transplantation* ; Middle Aged ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult ; Treatment Outcome ; Extremities/injuries* ; Cicatrix/surgery* ; Skin Transplantation/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of functional perforator flaps utilizing the superficial circumflex iliac artery as a vascular pedicle, as well as chimeric iliac bone flaps, in the reconstruction of composite tissue defects in the hand and foot. METHODS: A retrospective review of the clinical data from 13 patients suffering from severe hand or foot injuries, treated between May 2019 and January 2025, was conducted. The cohort comprised 8 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 31 to 67 years (mean, 48.5 years). The injuries caused by mechanical crush incidents (n=9) and traffic accidents (n=4). The distribution of injury sites included 8 cases involving the hand and 5 cases involving the foot. Preoperatively, all patients exhibited bone defects ranging from 2.0 to 6.5 cm and soft tissue defects ranging from 10 to 210 cm². Reconstruction was performed using functional perforator flaps based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery and chimeric iliac bone flaps. The size of iliac bone flaps ranged from 2.5 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm to 7.0 cm×2.0 cm×1.5 cm, while the size of the soft tissue flaps ranged from 4 cm×3 cm to 15 cm×8 cm. In 1 case with a significant hand defect, a posterior interosseous artery perforator flap measuring 10.0 cm×4.5 cm was utilized as an adjunct. Likewise, an anterolateral thigh perforator flap measuring 25 cm×7 cm was combined in 1 case involving a foot defect. All donor sites were primarily closed. Postoperative flap survival was monitored, and bone healing was evaluated through imaging examination. Functional outcomes were assessed based on the location of the defects: for hand injuries, grip strength, pinch strength, and flap two-point discrimination were measured; for foot injuries, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Maryland Foot Score, plantar pressure distribution and gait symmetry index (GSI) were evaluated. RESULTS: All flaps survived completely, with primary healing observed at both donor and recipient sites. All patients were followed up 6-18 months (mean, 12.2 months). No significant flap swelling or deformity was observed. Imaging examination showed a bone callus crossing rate of 92.3% (12/13) at 3 months after operation, and bone density recovered to more than 80% of the healthy side at 6 months. The time required for bone flap integration ranged from 2 to 6 months (mean, 3.2 months). One patient with a foot injury exhibited hypertrophic scarring at the donor site; however, no major complication, such as infection or bone nonunion, was noted. At 6 months after operation, grip strength in 8 patients involving the hand recovered to 75%-90% of the healthy side (mean, 83.2%), while pinch strength recovered to 70%-85% (mean, 80%). Flap two-point discrimination ranged from 8 to 12 mm, approaching the sensory capacity of the healthy side (5-8 mm). Among the 5 patients involving the foot, the AOFAS score at 8 months was 80.5±7.3, VAS score was 5.2±1.6. According to the Maryland Foot Score, 2 cases were rated as excellent and 3 as good. Gait analysis at 6 months after operation showed GSI above 90%, with plantar pressure distribution closely resembling that of the contralateral foot. CONCLUSION The use of functional perforator flaps based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery, combined with chimeric iliac bone flaps, provides a reliable vascular supply and effective functional restoration for the simultaneous repair of composite bone and soft tissue defects in the hand or foot. This technique represents a viable and effective reconstructive option for composite tissue defects in these anatomical regions.
Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Perforator Flap/transplantation* ; Adult ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Hand Injuries/surgery* ; Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Foot Injuries/surgery* ; Ilium/transplantation* ; Iliac Artery/surgery* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Bone Transplantation/methods* ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of emergency reconstruction of traumatic dynamic muscle defects using functional superficial vastus lateralis chimeric perforator flap based on descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 10 patients with traumatic dynamic muscle defects treated between March 2020 and April 2024. There were 8 males and 2 females, aged 23-52 years (mean, 36.7 years). Injuries included 7 cases of Gustilo type ⅢB forearm trauma (2 with flexor muscle group defects, 3 with extensor muscle group defects, and 2 with combined flexor and extensor muscle group defects), 1 case of right first metacarpal defect with concomitant thenar muscle and skin defect, 1 case of complete transection of the right upper arm musclecutaneous nerve extracted from the biceps brachii muscle, and 1 case of Gustilo type ⅢC lower-limb trauma with extensor hallucis longus and toe extensor defects. Soft tissue defects ranged from 10 cm×8 cm to 36 cm×11 cm. Preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound of the contralateral side was used to measure cross-sectional area, length, and pennation angle of the target muscles. Based on these parameters, anterolateral thigh flaps combined with one or two superficial vastus lateralis muscle segments were designed and transplanted to the recipient sites. The grafts were used to cover wounds, reconstruct major missing muscle groups, and were fixed in place. Vascular and neural anastomoses were performed simultaneously with repair of bone and soft tissue injuries to restore limb perfusion and function. Postoperative evaluation included musculoskeletal ultrasound, electrophysiology, and dynamic assessment of muscle strength during follow-up. RESULTS: All transplanted muscles and flaps survived primarily without vascular or neural complications. All the 10 patients were followed up 10-38 months, with an average of 22.8 months. The muscle strength recovery reached M₅ in 6 cases, M₄ in 3 cases, and M3+ in 1 case. Patients achieving M₄ or above regained their original work capacity; limb contours were symmetrical, with no joint deformities, and patients achieved effective ranges of motion; functional recovery included the ability to push or lift weights of 2-30 kg, perform opposition, and achieve grasping function. All flaps were soft and lustrous, and the protective sensation restored in all patients. There was no discomfort in the donor site and knee joint. Musculoskeletal ultrasound showed that the average cross-sectional area of the transplanted muscles increased by 4%-66% in 10 cases at 1 month after operation, and the ratio of the average cross-sectional area of the transplanted muscles in contraction and relaxation was 1.37±0.16 in 7 cases at 6 months after operation. Electrophysiological examination showed that motor potential could be detected in 8 cases at 2 months after operation, and then the amplitude increased gradually, and 2 cases were not detected. CONCLUSION Emergency reconstruction of traumatic dynamic muscle defects using functional superficial vastus lateralis chimeric perforator flap based on descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery achieves near-normal muscle strength recovery and effective joint motion. This technique allows for reconstruction of one or two major muscle groups as clinically required.
Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Middle Aged ; Quadriceps Muscle/transplantation* ; Femoral Artery/surgery* ; Young Adult ; Muscle, Skeletal/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Forearm Injuries/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of infrared thermography in the design and harvesting of ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. METHODS: Between June 2024 and December 2024, 9 cases of ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps were designed and harvested with the assistance of infrared thermography. There were 7 males and 2 females, aged 21-61 years (mean, 39.8 years). The body mass index ranged from 19.49 to 26.45 kg/m² (mean, 23.85 kg/m²). Causes of injury included 5 cases of traffic accident injuries and 4 cases of machine crush injuries. There were 3 cases of leg wounds, 2 cases of foot wounds, and 4 cases of hand wounds. After debridement, the size of wound ranged from 7 cm×4 cm to 13 cm×11 cm. The time from admission to flap repair surgery was 5-12 days (mean, 7 days). Preoperatively, perforator localization was performed using a traditional Doppler flow detector and infrared thermography, respectively. The results were compared with the actual intraoperative locations; a discrepancy ≤10 mm was considered as consistent localization (positive), and the positive predictive value was calculated. All 9 cases were repaired with ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps designed and harvested based on thermographic images. The size of flap ranged from 8 cm×5 cm to 14 cm×8 cm, with a thickness of 3-6 mm (mean, 5.2 mm). One donor site was repaired with a full-thickness skin graft, and the others were sutured directly. Postoperatively, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anti-vascular spasm treatments were administered, and follow-up was conducted. RESULTS: The Doppler flow detector identified 22 perforating vessels within the set range, among which 16 were confirmed as superficial fascia layer perforators intraoperatively, with a positive predictive value of 72.7%. The infrared thermograph detected 23 superficial fascia layer perforating vessels, and 21 were verified intraoperatively, with a positive predictive value of 91.3%. There was no significant difference between the two methods [OR (95%CI)=3.93 (0.70, 22.15), P=0.100]. The perforator localization time of the infrared thermograph was (5.1±1.3) minutes, which was significantly shorter than that of the Doppler flow detector [(10.1±2.6) minutes; MD (95%CI)=-5.00 (-7.08, -2.91), P<0.001]. Postoperatively, 1 case of distal flap necrosis healed after dressing change; all other flaps survived successfully. The skin grafts at donor site survived, and all incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 3-6 months (mean, 4.7 months). No pain or other discomfort occurred at the donor or recipient sites. All patients with foot wounds could walk with shoes, and no secondary flap revision was required. Flaps in 3 hand wound cases, 2 foot wound cases, and 3 leg wound cases recovered light touch and pressure sensation, but not pain or temperature sensation; the remaining 2 cases had no sensory recovery. CONCLUSION Preoperative localization using infrared thermography for repairing ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps can help evaluate the blood supply status of perforators, reduce complications, and improve surgical safety and flap survival rate.
Humans ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Adult ; Male ; Thermography/methods* ; Female ; Thigh/blood supply* ; Middle Aged ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Tissue and Organ Harvesting/methods* ; Infrared Rays ; Skin Transplantation/methods* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of early internal fixation combined with free anterolateral thigh perforator flap (ALTPF) transplantation in the treatment of open ankle fracture-dislocation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 13 patients with open ankle fracture-dislocation who were admitted and met the inclusion criteria between January 2021 and May 2024. Among them, there were 9 males and 4 females, with the ages ranging from 23 to 61 years (mean, 45.3 years). Fracture types included 5 cases of simple medial or lateral malleolar fracture-dislocation, 7 cases of bimalleolar (medial and lateral) fracture-dislocation, and 1 case of trimalleolar fracture-dislocation. Additionally, 3 cases were complicated with bone defects (1 medial malleolus defect and 2 lateral malleolus defects). All injuries were classified as type ⅢB according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures. The size of wound defects ranged from 7 cm×5 cm to 18 cm×12 cm. The time from injury to surgery was 2-20 hours (mean, 4 hours). All patients underwent emergency thorough debridement upon admission. The fracture-dislocation was temporarily stabilized with an external fixator, and the wound was covered with antibiotic-impregnated bone cement sheets or vacuum sealing drainage. Definitive internal fixation of the fracture and free ALTPF transplantation were performed 5-7 days after the initial emergency procedure. Postoperatively, wound healing, flap survival, and fracture union were monitored. At last follow-up, clinical outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score. RESULTS: All 13 patients were followed up 6-24 months (mean, 8.2 months). All flaps survived completely, and all fractures achieved union, with an union time of 3-11 months (mean, 5.5 months). One patient developed a superficial infection at the wound margin, which healed after regular dressing changes and drainage. No internal fixation-related complication (e.g., deep infection, implant loosening, or secondary ankle instability) were observed. At last follow-up, the total AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 78.6±13.5, with 3 excellent, 7 good, 2 fair, and 1 poor cases, yielding an excellent and good rate of 76.9%. CONCLUSION Early internal fixation combined with ALTPF transplantation for open ankle fracture-dislocation can shorten the treatment course and maximize the recovery of ankle joint function.
Humans ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; Perforator Flap/transplantation* ; Ankle Fractures/surgery* ; Thigh/surgery* ; Fractures, Open/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Fracture Dislocation/surgery*