Aims: The aim of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates with probiotic properties for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the intestines of mackerel and to analyze its ability to produce hydrolase enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase and lipase). Methodology and results: Ten samples of mackerel were collected from the Fish Auction Place, Lewoleba, Nubatukan District, Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The process for screening were antimicrobial activity, pH tolerance test of 1, 3 and 5, bile salt concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%, and water salinity (0.5%, 3.5% and 6.5%). The autoaggregation and semi-qualitative test of hydrolase enzymes were also carried out. In total, 21 LAB isolates were derived from mackerel intestines. Isolates that have the stronger ability to inhibit the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966 are KBP 3.3, KBP 3.3.1 and KBP 6.3, while KBP 1.3, KBP 1.1.1 and KBP 3.3.1 were able to inhibit Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 13813. The LAB isolates that survived at the tested pH were KBP 3.3.1, KBP 3.3, KBP 1.1.1 and KBP 1.3. Results also suggest that the four isolates were tolerant to bile salt concentrations and water salinity with good survival rates (>94.7%) and had proteolytic, lipolytic and cellulolytic activities. The isolates KBP 3.3, KBP 3.3.1 and KBP 1.1.1 were identified as Weissella confusa 6250, while the isolate KBP 1.3 was identified as W. confusa C5-7. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The characteristics of four selected isolates indicate their potential as a probiotic. These potential probiotic isolates can be applied directly to fish by utilizing microencapsulation technology or adding to the feed.
Lactobacillales ; Perciformes ; Indonesia

Objective: The study aimed to determine the concentration of three heavy metals namely, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) present in head, stomach and muscle parts of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticu) and Blackchin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) collected from different sampling sites in South Bay area of Laguna Lake and evaluate its potential health risk for adult consumers. Methods: Live samples of Nile Tilapia and Blackchin Tilapia were hand-collected from three sites of South Bay of Laguna Lake during wet season. Raw and boiled samples were prepared for analysis. Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were determined through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The potential health risk posed by more than one metal was calculated using the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ). Results: The heavy metal detected with the highest concentration was Pb, present in Nile Tilapia. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in both fish samples were high in the head part. Boiled samples have significantly lower concentrations of heavy metal (p<0.05) compared to raw samples. THQ values for Cd in raw fish samples were higher than the recommended level of exposure (THQ < 1.0). Conclusion The study revealed that cadmium is of greater concern in terms of possible adverse health effects associated with heavy metal bioaccumulation. However, the presence of other metals may further increase the risk of non-carcinogenic adverse effects. The lower health risk is predicted for boiled fish samples.
Metals, Heavy ; Cichlids

Aims: This study aimed to isolate and characterize putative new probiotic with antimicrobial properties against common fish pathogens from the gut of Oreochromis spp. (red tilapia). Methodology and results: A total of 28 colonies were isolated from gut of Oreochromis spp. and characterized phenotypically. Eight isolates were selected for probiotic characterization. Temperature, salinity, pH and bile salt tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility and antimicrobial test against selected fish pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 25923) were conducted. Characterization studies revealed isolates suited for freshwater environment and exhibited tolerance against wide range of salinity, pH and bile salt. Isolates displayed different antibiotic susceptibility profile, with six exhibited antimicrobial properties against E. tarda. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed 99.44%, 98.59% and 91.21% sequence similarity with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides strain 3832T, Leuconostoc lactis strain KCC202369T and Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain 4332T, respectively as compared to known sequence in the GenBank. When identified Leuconostoc spp. were coated on feed pellets, no major decrease in viability over 21 days of storage at 4 °C were observed, with an average of 8 log CFU/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The characterized species allow further application assessment of the probiotic-supplemented tilapia feed. Host-originated Leuconostoc displayed potential antimicrobial properties against fish pathogen E. tarda. The isolates Leuconostoc is expected to provide protective effect for Oreochromis spp. against edwardsiellosis and to exert beneficial effects more efficiently as compared to commercial probiotics which are not specifically target for Oreochromis spp., thereby indirectly helping fish farmers in achieving economic sustainability and increase affordability of fish.
Leuconostoc ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Tilapia ; Edwardsiella tarda--pathogenicity ; Probiotics

Aims: To determine abundance of potential pathogenic microorganisms in pangasius and tilapia farms in five major fish-producing areas in Bangladesh by PCR approaches. Methodology and results: Important microbial water quality indicators were studied in water of 38 fish farms producing pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in five major fish-producing areas of Bangladesh. The parameters included physicochemical data and PCR detection of total coliforms and E. coli, species of potentially pathogenic Vibrio, and cyanobacterial genes encoding the toxins microcystin and saxitoxin. Quantitative PCR showed that coliform bacteria occurred in all fish farms with densities from one to 2.2 × 105 per mL, while E. coli ranged from none to 5.0 × 104 per mL. Numbers of total coliforms and E. coli were higher in pangasius farms than in tilapia farms, and when high abundances occurred, coliform bacteria and E. coli bacteria co-varied. Detection of Vibrio-specific genes indicated presence of Vibrio species in 76% of the farms and included V. vulnificus and V. cholerae. The human pathogen type of V. cholerae (carrying the ctxA gene) and the fish pathogen V. parahaemolyticus were not detected. The microcystin-encoding mcyE gene ranged from undetectable to 2.6 × 105 copies per mL and tended to be highest in pangasius farms. The saxitoxin-encoding gene sxtA was not found in any of the farms. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Based on the high abundance of especially coliform bacteria and E. coli, we recommend more efficient water quality monitoring systems to improve detection and control of fecal coliforms and to reduce presence of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in aquaculture farms in Bangladesh
Water Quality ; Tilapia ; Catfishes

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the relationship between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and seafood consumption using a nationally representative data of the general Korean population.METHODS: This study was conducted on 5,402 adults aged 19 years and older (2,488 men, 2,914 women) based on the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014). We stratified the data according to gender and analyzed urinary BPA concentrations in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior, dietary factor, and seafood consumption. In the high and low BPA exposure groups, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis according to the top 75th percentile concentration.RESULTS: In men, large fish and tuna and other seafood categories had significantly higher ORs before and after adjustment in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood, with an adjusted value of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–3.48) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.10–2.75), respectively. In the shellfish category, the unadjusted OR was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.00–2.59), which was significantly higher in the group who consumed seafood more than once a week than in the group who rarely consumed seafood. However, the OR after adjusting for the variables was not statistically significant. In women, the frequency of seafood consumption and the concentration of urinary BPA were not significantly associated.CONCLUSIONS: BPA concentration was higher in men who frequently consumed large fish and tuna, shellfish and other seafood in this study.
Adult ; Environmental Health ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Seafood ; Shellfish ; Tuna

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between atopic dermatitis and dietary fat and fatty acid (FA) intakes in 9 ~ 11 year old children. METHODS: We analyzed data from the combined 2013 ~ 2015 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Subjects were divided into two groups according to atopic dermatitis (AD); with AD and without AD. Data pertaining to macronutrients and FA intakes were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and FA consumption according to each food. The associations between each FA intake and atopic dermatitis were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and income levels were adjusted as covariates. RESULTS: Of the participants, 17.69% suffered from atopic dermatitis. Children with AD had significantly lower fat percentages of total energy and higher carbohydrate percentages of total energy than normal children. Percentages of energy and intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 FA and n-6 FA in children with AD were significantly lower than those in normal children. In the FA, linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid levels of children with AD were significantly lower than those of normal children. However, the P/S ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio did not differ significantly between children with AD and normal children. Soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA, n-3 FA and n-6 FA in both groups, while perilla seed oil and mackerel were the major food sources of n-3 FA in children with atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis was significantly correlated with low-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. The adjusted odds ratios were 0.966, 0.776 and 0.963 for PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA intakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study provides reliable evidence regarding the relationship between fat and FA intakes and AD in Korean children 9 ~ 11 years of age.
Body Mass Index ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diet ; Dietary Fats ; Humans ; Linoleic Acid ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Perciformes ; Perilla ; Soybean Oil

Scombroid fish poisoning (SFP) is a form of histamine food poisoning caused by the ingestion of improperly stored fish. The term “scombroid” derives from the family name of the fish family first implicated, such as tuna and mackerel. On the other hand, non-scombroid fish species, such as sardine and herring, can also cause histamine poisoning. The histamine is converted from histidine by a bacterial enzyme in the causative fish. Because the symptoms of SFP can easily be confused with food allergies, it is believed to have been significantly under-reported. In 2016, an outbreak of SFP occurred among primary school students who had eaten yellowtail steak in Korea. The most common findings consisted of a rapid onset of flushing of the face and trunk, erythematous and urticarial rash, diarrhea, and headache occurring soon after consuming the spoiled fish. Usually, the course is self-limiting and antihistamines can be used successfully to relieve symptoms, but several life-threatening SFP cases have been reported. Clinical toxicologists should be familiar with SFP and have competency to make a differential diagnosis between fish allergy and histamine poisoning. SFP is a histamine-induced reaction caused by the ingestion of histamine-contaminated fish, whereas a fish allergy is an IgE-mediated reaction. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures of SFP.
Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diarrhea ; Eating ; Epidemiology ; Exanthema ; Flushing ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Foodborne Diseases ; Hand ; Headache ; Histamine Antagonists ; Histamine ; Histidine ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Perciformes ; Poisoning ; Tuna

With increasing need to prevent serious food allergy reactions, Korean food allergen labeling regulation has been revised repeatedly. This paper aims to summarize current statuses of food allergen labeling in Korea and foreign countries and to analyze the issue of food allergen labeling regulation. Korean food labeling regulation currently requires 19 items and 22 foods to be reported on labels (eggs, milk, buckwheat, peanut, soybean, wheat, mackerel, crab, shrimp, pork, peach, tomato, sulfite, walnut, chicken, beef, squid, shellfish, and pine nut). However, some common food triggers (for example, almond, cashew nut, and kiwi fruit) are not included in the current labeling regulation. Another issue is that the Korean labeling regulation has not yet been fully implemented for nonprepacked foods; thus, consumers still have difficulty in correctly identifying allergenic ingredients in food. It should be assessed whether warning statements for cross-contamination are reasonable. To prevent the occurrence of serious reactions from accidental ingestion, efforts must be made to solve recently raised issues including the items required to be listed on food labels, the system of standards for labeling and display methods.
Anacardium ; Arachis ; Chickens ; Decapodiformes ; Eating ; Fagopyrum ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Food Labeling ; Hypersensitivity ; Juglans ; Korea ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Milk ; Nuts ; Perciformes ; Prunus dulcis ; Prunus persica ; Red Meat ; Shellfish ; Soybeans ; Triticum

As one of the most important aquatic fish, Micropterus salmoides suffers lethal and epidemic disease caused by rhabdovirus at the juvenile stage. In this study, a new strain of M. salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) was isolated from Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, China, and named MSRV-YH01. The virus infected the grass carp ovary (GCO) cell line and displayed virion particles with atypical bullet shape, 300-500 nm in length and 100-200 nm in diameter under transmission electron microscopy. The complete genome sequence of this isolate was determined to include 11 526 nucleotides and to encode five classical structural proteins. The construction of the phylogenetic tree indicated that this new isolate is clustered into the Vesiculovirus genus and most closely related to the Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus. To explore the potential for a vaccine against MSRV, a glycoprotein (1-458 amino acid residues) of MSRV-YH01 was successfully amplified and cloned into the plasmid pFastBac1. The high-purity recombinant bacmid-glycoprotein was obtained from DH10Bac through screening and identification. Based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence assay, recombinant virus, including the MSRV-YH01 glycoprotein gene, was produced by transfection of SF9 cells using the pFastBac1-gE2, and then repeatedly amplified to express the glycoprotein protein. We anticipate that this recombinant bacmid system could be used to challenge the silkworm and develop a corresponding oral vaccine for fish.
Animals ; Baculoviridae/metabolism* ; Bass/metabolism* ; Carps/virology* ; Cell Line ; Female ; Genetic Techniques ; Genome, Viral ; Glycoproteins/biosynthesis* ; Insecta ; Ovary/virology* ; Phylogeny ; Plasmids/metabolism* ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis* ; Rhabdoviridae/metabolism*

Food allergy has an estimated prevalence of 6%–8% in children. Meat allergy and multiple food allergy due to sensitization to cross-reactive components in infancy is, however, less frequent. A 5-year-old girl was referred to our department with a multiple food allergy history. She had severe immediate worsening of her atopic dermatitis with hen's egg (6 months) and cow's milk introduction (7 months). At the age of 9 months, she presented with recurrent and reproducible atopic dermatitis' worsening and lip edema with the introduction of different meats (chicken, turkey, cow, pork, and rabbit), having the same complaints with fish at 12 months (salmon and hake). At her first appointment she was avoiding hen's egg, cow's milk, meat, and fish (except fresh tuna, codfish, and pollock). We performed skin prick tests (commercial extract and prick-to-prick with whole food) and specific IgE, which revealed sensitization to hen's egg, raw meat (cow, pork, chicken, turkey, duck, lamb, goat, and rabbit; negative for cooked meat), codfish and cow's milk (mild). ISAC was performed, revealing sensitization to 3 cross-reactive components (serum albumins Bosd6, Canf3, and Feld2) and specific food components of chicken's egg/meat (Gald1, 2, 3, and 5), cod (Gadc1), hazelnut (Cora9), and kiwi (Actd1). We present a rare case of multiple food allergy in infancy, where sensitization to cross-reactive components was responsible for most of the children complaints. The detection of serum albumins' involvement was especially important, because it can possibly mean tolerance to these foods in well-cooked forms, substantially improving patient and family's quality of life.
Albumins ; Chickens ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Corylus ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Ducks ; Edema ; Female ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Goats ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Lip ; Meat ; Milk ; Ovum ; Prevalence ; Quality of Life ; Red Meat ; Serum Albumin ; Skin ; Tuna ; Turkey