Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of training physicians from secondary comprehensive hospitals in the clinical assessment of brain death and to provide recommendations for nationwide implementation.Methods:This prospective cohort study enrolled physicians who completed standardized training in clinical brain death determination at five pilot hospitals between June and December 2023. Participants were from internal medicine, neurology, critical care, emergency, or anesthesiology departments of secondary comprehensive hospitals and had ≥5 years of clinical experience. Organ donation coordinators and surgeons involved in organ donation or transplantation were excluded. The training program comprised four modules: didactic lectures, bedside demonstrations, simulation-based practice, and written theoretical assessment with review. The theoretical assessment was considered qualified if the score was 60 or above. Participants were categorized into ≥80 and <80 groups based on assessment scores. Between-group comparisons were conducted using rank-sum or chi-square tests.Results:A total of 191 physicians from 74 secondary comprehensive hospitals were enrolled. Most held a bachelor's degree [89.5%(171/191)] and had intermediate [47.1%(90/191)] or associate senior [36.1%(69/191)] professional titles; [59.7%(114/191)] were from non-neurology specialties. The overall pass rate was 99.5% (190/191), with a mean score of 82.4±7.1. Compared with those scoring<80 (56 participants), physicians scoring ≥80 (135 participants) differed significantly by professional title, province, and department ( P=0.014, 0.019 and 0.039). The proportion scoring<80 was higher among junior/intermediate versus senior titles [38.0%(41/108) vs 18.1%(15/83), P=0.003), and among non-neurology/critical care departments (emergency, internal medicine, anesthesiology) versus neurology/critical care [39.7%(31/78) vs 22.1%(25/113), P=0.009]. Only 2.09%(4/191) achieved a perfect score. Across all test items, the overall error rate was 14.99%(700/4 670). The five knowledge points with the highest error rates were mistriggering of mechanical ventilation [96.97%(32/33)], corneal reflex [42.25%(30/71)], spinal reflexes [24.25%(65/268)], documentation of the determination [21.21%(7/33)], and the apnea test procedure [20.73%(57/275)]. Conclusions:The pilot hospitals can effectively deliver clinical training for brain death determination, supporting nationwide promotion. However, physicians' theoretical grounding in neurology at secondary comprehensive hospitals appears relatively weak. Training curricula should be optimized to further improve training quality.

Objective:To explore the differences on contraindication information for children in domestic and foreign drug instructions, and provide reference for improving the relevant information in Chinese drug insert sheets.Methods:Chinese drug insert sheets of chemicals and biological products contained in the China Pharmacopoeia 2020 and those of the western medicines in the 2023 China′s Basic Medical Insurance, Work-related Injury Insurance and Childbirth Insurance Drug Catalog were collected; drugs that were marked as contraindication for children were selected and relevant contraindication information in the Chinese drug insert sheets was collected. Instructions of the above-mentioned drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (English labels) were also collected, and the information on pediatric medication was reviewed and compared with the Chinese drug insert sheets. Results:A total of 222 drugs were labeled as contraindication for children in the Chinese drug insert sheets, of which 149 were available for their English labels; 123 drugs (17.5%) were not labeled as contraindication for children in English labels, and 26 (82.5%) were labeled. The 123 drugs that were not labeled as contraindication for children in the English labels included the following conditions: 58 were labeled as contraindication for children of some age in the Chinese drug insert sheets but not in the English labels, and relevant medication information was provided; 40 were labeled as contraindication for children of some age group in the Chinese drug insert sheets but was described as the effectiveness and safety of the use for children have not yet been determined for this age group in the English labels; 13 were labeled as contraindication for children in the Chinese drug insert sheets, but the medication information on children in the English labels was not clear or missing; 12 were labeled as contraindicated for children in Chinese drug insert sheets but not in the English labels, only expressed as not yet determined or not recommended for use, etc., with inconsistent age group. Among the 26 drugs labeled as contraindication for children in both Chinese and English instructions, the contraindication age group were the same in above 2 instructions for 20 drugs, and were inconsistent for the other 6 drugs; reasons for contraindication were described in both the 2 instructions for 17 drugs (13 were consistent, 4 were inconsistent), only in English labels for 8 drugs, and only in Chinese drug insert sheets for 1 drug.Conclusions:Many drugs are labeled as contraindication for children in Chinese drug insert sheets, but reasons for contraindication are rarely explained. Differences in children′s age in contraindications exist for some drugs between the Chinese drug insert sheets and English labels. The information on contraindications for children in Chinese drug insert sheets still needs to be further improved.

Objective:To explore the differences on contraindication information for children in domestic and foreign drug instructions, and provide reference for improving the relevant information in Chinese drug insert sheets.Methods:Chinese drug insert sheets of chemicals and biological products contained in the China Pharmacopoeia 2020 and those of the western medicines in the 2023 China′s Basic Medical Insurance, Work-related Injury Insurance and Childbirth Insurance Drug Catalog were collected; drugs that were marked as contraindication for children were selected and relevant contraindication information in the Chinese drug insert sheets was collected. Instructions of the above-mentioned drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (English labels) were also collected, and the information on pediatric medication was reviewed and compared with the Chinese drug insert sheets. Results:A total of 222 drugs were labeled as contraindication for children in the Chinese drug insert sheets, of which 149 were available for their English labels; 123 drugs (17.5%) were not labeled as contraindication for children in English labels, and 26 (82.5%) were labeled. The 123 drugs that were not labeled as contraindication for children in the English labels included the following conditions: 58 were labeled as contraindication for children of some age in the Chinese drug insert sheets but not in the English labels, and relevant medication information was provided; 40 were labeled as contraindication for children of some age group in the Chinese drug insert sheets but was described as the effectiveness and safety of the use for children have not yet been determined for this age group in the English labels; 13 were labeled as contraindication for children in the Chinese drug insert sheets, but the medication information on children in the English labels was not clear or missing; 12 were labeled as contraindicated for children in Chinese drug insert sheets but not in the English labels, only expressed as not yet determined or not recommended for use, etc., with inconsistent age group. Among the 26 drugs labeled as contraindication for children in both Chinese and English instructions, the contraindication age group were the same in above 2 instructions for 20 drugs, and were inconsistent for the other 6 drugs; reasons for contraindication were described in both the 2 instructions for 17 drugs (13 were consistent, 4 were inconsistent), only in English labels for 8 drugs, and only in Chinese drug insert sheets for 1 drug.Conclusions:Many drugs are labeled as contraindication for children in Chinese drug insert sheets, but reasons for contraindication are rarely explained. Differences in children′s age in contraindications exist for some drugs between the Chinese drug insert sheets and English labels. The information on contraindications for children in Chinese drug insert sheets still needs to be further improved.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of training physicians from secondary comprehensive hospitals in the clinical assessment of brain death and to provide recommendations for nationwide implementation.Methods:This prospective cohort study enrolled physicians who completed standardized training in clinical brain death determination at five pilot hospitals between June and December 2023. Participants were from internal medicine, neurology, critical care, emergency, or anesthesiology departments of secondary comprehensive hospitals and had ≥5 years of clinical experience. Organ donation coordinators and surgeons involved in organ donation or transplantation were excluded. The training program comprised four modules: didactic lectures, bedside demonstrations, simulation-based practice, and written theoretical assessment with review. The theoretical assessment was considered qualified if the score was 60 or above. Participants were categorized into ≥80 and <80 groups based on assessment scores. Between-group comparisons were conducted using rank-sum or chi-square tests.Results:A total of 191 physicians from 74 secondary comprehensive hospitals were enrolled. Most held a bachelor's degree [89.5%(171/191)] and had intermediate [47.1%(90/191)] or associate senior [36.1%(69/191)] professional titles; [59.7%(114/191)] were from non-neurology specialties. The overall pass rate was 99.5% (190/191), with a mean score of 82.4±7.1. Compared with those scoring<80 (56 participants), physicians scoring ≥80 (135 participants) differed significantly by professional title, province, and department ( P=0.014, 0.019 and 0.039). The proportion scoring<80 was higher among junior/intermediate versus senior titles [38.0%(41/108) vs 18.1%(15/83), P=0.003), and among non-neurology/critical care departments (emergency, internal medicine, anesthesiology) versus neurology/critical care [39.7%(31/78) vs 22.1%(25/113), P=0.009]. Only 2.09%(4/191) achieved a perfect score. Across all test items, the overall error rate was 14.99%(700/4 670). The five knowledge points with the highest error rates were mistriggering of mechanical ventilation [96.97%(32/33)], corneal reflex [42.25%(30/71)], spinal reflexes [24.25%(65/268)], documentation of the determination [21.21%(7/33)], and the apnea test procedure [20.73%(57/275)]. Conclusions:The pilot hospitals can effectively deliver clinical training for brain death determination, supporting nationwide promotion. However, physicians' theoretical grounding in neurology at secondary comprehensive hospitals appears relatively weak. Training curricula should be optimized to further improve training quality.

Background::The goal of the assisted reproductive treatment is to transfer one euploid blastocyst and to help infertile women giving birth one healthy neonate. Some algorithms have been used to assess the ploidy status of embryos derived from couples with normal chromosome, who subjected to preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) treatment. However, it is currently unknown whether artificial intelligence model can be used to assess the euploidy status of blastocyst derived from populations with chromosomal rearrangement.Methods::From February 2020 to May 2021, we collected the whole raw time-lapse videos at multiple focal planes from in vitro cultured embryos, the clinical information of couples, and the comprehensive chromosome screening results of those blastocysts that had received PGT treatment. Initially, we developed a novel deep learning model called the Attentive Multi-Focus Selection Network (AMSNet) to analyze time-lapse videos in real time and predict blastocyst formation. Building upon AMSNet, we integrated additional clinically predictive variables and created a second deep learning model, the Attentive Multi-Focus Video and Clinical Information Fusion Network (AMCFNet), to assess the euploidy status of embryos. The efficacy of the AMCFNet was further tested in embryos with parental chromosomal rearrangements. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the superiority of the model. Results::A total of 4112 embryos with complete time-lapse videos were enrolled for the blastocyst formation prediction task, and 1422 qualified blastocysts received PGT-A ( n = 589) or PGT for chromosomal structural rearrangement (PGT-SR, n = 833) were enrolled for the euploidy assessment task in this study. The AMSNet model using seven focal raw time-lapse videos has the best real-time accuracy. The real-time accuracy for AMSNet to predict blastocyst formation reached above 70% on the day 2 of embryo culture, and then increased to 80% on the day 4 of embryo culture. Combing with 4 clinical features of couples, the AUC of AMCFNet with 7 focal points increased to 0.729 in blastocysts derived from couples with chromosomal rearrangement. Conclusion::Integrating seven focal raw time-lapse images of embryos and parental clinical information, AMCFNet model have the capability of assessing euploidy status in blastocysts derived from couples with chromosomal rearrangement.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the main cause of blindness and visual impairment.In hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,or hypoxia,IL-1β upregulation mediates retinal inflammation.Sustained low-grade inflammation can cause retinal vascular damage and neurodegeneration,stimulate oxidative damage,disrupt the blood retinal barrier,and induce retinal neovascularization.This article reviews the research progress of IL-1β in the mechanism and clinical treatment of DR.

Objective : To investigate the effect and mechanism of exosome ( Exo) transported miR⁃223 on brain tissue injury and microglial activation in rats with traumatic brain injury ( TBI) . Methods : The miR⁃NC plasmid and miR⁃223 mimic plasmid were transfected into HEK293 cells by liposome method , and the expression level of miR⁃223 in the cells was determined by quantitative real⁃time PCR . Exo was extracted from transfected HEK293 cells and identified by transmission electron microscopy , nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot , the expression level of miR⁃223 in Exo was determined by quantitative real⁃time PCR . Forty SD rats were randomly divided into sham group , model group , NC⁃Exo group and miR⁃223 ⁃Exo group , with 10 rats in each group , TBI model was prepared by modified Feeney free fall method in all groups except sham group , rats in NC⁃Exo group and miR⁃223 ⁃Exo group were injected with cell⁃derived Exo transfected with miR⁃NC plasmid and cell⁃derived Exo transfected with miR⁃223 mimic plasmid via tail vein , respectively . Two weeks later , hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of brain tissue in each group , Nissl staining was used to detect the changes and distribution of Nissl bodies in each group , enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor⁃α (TNF⁃α ) , interleukin⁃1β (IL⁃1β) and interleukin⁃6(IL⁃6) , immunofluorescence double staining was used to observe the expression of nod⁃like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba⁃1) , Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3 , apoptosis⁃associated speck⁃like protein containing( ASC) and Caspase⁃1 . Results: After transfection , compared with control group and miR⁃NC group , the relative expression of miR⁃223 in miR⁃223 group significantly increased (P < 0. 05) . The isolated particles had typical Exo morphology , the peak particle size was about 120 nm , the Exo marker proteins CD9 , CD63 and CD81 were significantly overexpressed , and the relative expression of miR⁃223 significantly non of brain tissue in the miR⁃223 ⁃Exo group was improved , the morphology and number of Nissl bodies were re⁃increased (P < 0. 05) . Compared with the model group , the damage phenome stored , the levels of TNF⁃α , IL⁃1β and IL⁃6 in serum decreased ( P < 0. 05) , the intensity of NLRP3 and Iba⁃1 fluorescence staining in brain tissue decreased (P < 0. 05) , the relative protein expressions of NLRP3 , ASC and Caspase⁃1 in brain tissue were down⁃regulated (P < 0. 05) . Conclusion Exo operation of miR⁃223 can significant ly improve brain tissue injury and inhibit microglial activation in TBI rats , which may be related to the inhibition of NLRP3 .

Department of Orthopedics, Yang Pu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University,

Clostridia inhabiting in jiupei and pit mud plays key roles in the formation of flavour during the fermentation process of Luzhou-flavour baijiu. However, the differences of Clostridial communities between jiupei and pit mud remains unclear. Here, the species assembly, succession, and metabolic capacity of Clostridial communities between jiupei and pit mud were analysed by high-throughput sequencing and pure culture approaches. The ratio of Clostridial biomass to bacterial biomass in the pit mud was relatively stable (71.5%-91.2%) throughout the fermentation process. However, it varied widely in jiupei (0.9%-36.5%). The dominant Clostridial bacteria in jiupei were Clostridium (19.9%), Sedimentibacter (8.8%), and Hydrogenispora (7.2%), while Hydrogenispora (57.2%), Sedimentibacter (5.4%), and Caproiciproducens (4.9%) dominated in the Clostridial communities in pit mud. The structures of Clostridial community in pit mud and jiupei were significantly different (P=0.001) throughout fermentation. Isolated Clostridial strains showed different metabolic capacities of volatile fatty acids in pure culture. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Clostridial communities existed in the baijiu fermentation pit, which was closely related to the main flavour components of Luzhou-flavour baijiu.
Alcoholic Beverages ; microbiology ; Bacteria ; classification ; metabolism ; Clostridium ; physiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Food Microbiology

OBJECTIVE：To provid e reference for pharmaceutical workers to better understand Novel Coronavirus Infection ： Expert Consensus on Guidance and Prevention Strategies for Hospital Pharmacists and the Pharmacy Workforce （hereinafter referred to as “expert consensus ”），and to apply and practice in specific work ，so as to give full play to the role of pharmacists to help fight the epidemic.METHODS ：The background of the formulation and revision of the expert consensus were introduced ，and its main contents and viewpoints were interpreted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The text of expert consensus is divided into 8 parts，mainly including disease diagnosis and treatment [SARS-CoV- 2 infection related background ，clinical manifestations and diagnosis， treatment]，hospital pharmacy （prevention and control strategy ，work guidance ），drug and facility support management（key drug/facility/equipment support ，management and use of the drug in special circumstances ），information sources and related resources ，etc.，which comprehensively and detailedly provide information ，guidance and strategies for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control to play the role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy well ，do well in the protection of staff in different pharmaceutical posts ，drug security work in response to epidemic situation ，and develop pharmaceutical care. So far，the understanding of SARS-CoV- 2 in the pharmaceutical industry is relatively limited. Based on the accumulated experience and progress in epidemic prevention and control ，the expert consensus will be updated and improved continuously ，so as to provide guidance and help for hospital pharmaceutical personnel.