Objective: To examine the associations between three adipokines (omentin-1, nesfatin-1 and apelin) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), so as to provide the basis for the prevention and control of DR. Methods: The T2DM patients hospitalized in Lishui TCM Hospital from August 2021 to May 2023 were selected and divided into three groups: no diabetic retinopathy (NDR) group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group based on fundus fluorescein angiography. Data on gender, age, and course of T2DM were collected through questionnaires, and serum omentin-1, nesfatin-1, apelin, and related blood biochemical indicators were measured. The associations of omentin-1, nesfatin-1 and apelin with DR were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression model. Results: A total of 150 T2DM patients were enrolled, including 58 cases in the NDR group, 60 cases in the NPDR group, and 32 cases in the PDR group, with males accounting for 60.34%, 45.00% and 68.75%, respectively. The mean ages were (54.79±14.40), (57.03±12.20) and (57.72±10.70) years, respectively. The median (interquartile range) courses of T2DM were 7.00 (7.75), 10.00 (8.00) and 10.00 (5.00) years, respectively. Compared with the NDR group, the NPDR group had lower levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 and higher level of apelin, while the PDR group had higher level of omentin-1 and lower level of apelin (all P<0.05). Compared with the NPDR group, the PDR group had higher levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 and lower level of apelin (all P<0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that omentin-1 level was statistically associated with NPDR (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.291-0.871) and PDR (OR=7.862, 95%CI: 2.956-20.910); nesfatin-1 (OR=0.971, 95%CI: 0.953-0.989) and apelin (OR=3.266, 95%CI: 1.817-5.868) levels were statistically associated with NPDR. Conclusion Serum levels of omentin-1, nesfatin-1 and apelin were associated with different stages of DR among T2DM patients.

Objective: To analyze the incidence of statutory and keymonitored infectious diseases among school students in Beijing from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide a reference for developing the prevention and control of infectious diseases in schools. Methods: A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on student cases aged 6-22 years in Beijing from 2016 to 2020 selected from the China Disease Surveillance Information Reporting Management System. Rate comparisons were performed using the 2 test and trend 2 test. Results: From 2016 to 2020, the overall incidence of statutory and keymonitored infectious diseases among students in Beijing showed an upward trend (χ2trend=582.42), the incidence rates of Category B and other infectious diseases exhibited a downward trend (χ2trend=82.71, 18.34), while Category C infectious diseases demonstrated a significant upward trend (χ2trend=911.75) (P<0.01). Among Category B infectious diseases, scarlet fever, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS were predominant, with annual average incidence rates of 61.33/100 000, 35.38/100 000, 13.88/100 000, and 3.78/100 000, respectively. Except for HIV/AIDS, the reported incidence rates of other infectious diseases showed a declining trend. Among Category C infectious diseases, influenza, other infectious diarrhea, hand-foot-mouth disease, and mumps were predominant, with annual average incidence rates of 956.13/100 000, 114.39/100 000, 111.37/100 000, and 28.24/100 000, respectively. Influenza showed a significant upward trend (χ2trend=1 508.30), while the other infectious diarrhea, hand-foot-mouth disease, and mumps exhibited a downward trend (χ2trend=13.84, 25.78, 6.13) (P<0.05). Among other infectious diseases, varicella was predominant (χ2trend=17.47, P<0.05). Scarlet fever, influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease, and mumps had higher incidence rates among primary and middle school students; other infectious diarrhea and varicella were more prevalent among high school students; tuberculosis and bacillary dysentery were more common among high school and college students; and HIV/AIDS had higher incidence rates among college and high school students. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020, the incidence of Category B infectious diseases among students in Beijing showed a declining trend, while influenza, a Category C infectious disease, exhibited a significant upward trend.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial degenerative optic neuropathy, and its irreversible and blinding pathological characteristics mainly come from the damage to the optic nerve, namely glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON). The difficulty in the treatment of GON lies in the early intervention, and currently there is no optic neuroprotective drug for the treatment of all types of GON. The death of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is the core pathological change caused by various pathogenic mechanisms of GON. Recent studies have found that the widespread second messenger cyclic adenosine 3', 5' -monophosphate(cAMP)and its downstream effector protein kinase A(PKA)signal cascade play an important role in the pathogenesis of GON. It can also inhibit the apoptosis of RGCs and play a protective and therapeutic role in glaucoma. Therefore, this article reviews the role of cAMP/PKA pathway in the pathophysiological development of GON, focusing on its effects on glaucoma intraocular pressure regulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and optic nerve degeneration, in order to find a common central regulatory target for the optic nerve damage caused by different pathological mechanisms of GON and promote the further understanding and clinical treatment of this disease.

Objective: To explore the independent effects and gender differences of different types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on the co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts (SA), so as to provide a reference for the precise prevention and control of self-harm in junior high school students. Methods: From May to June 2023, a total of 7 360 junior high school students were selected from 12 schools in three districts/counties of Chongqing using a combination of stratified cluster sampling and convenience sampling methods. Information on NSSI, SA, ACEs, and depressive symptom, as well as other related data were collected through the Adolescent Non-suicidal Self-injury Assessment Questionnaire (ANSAQ), suicide related section of the Chinese Adolescent Health related Behavior Questionnaire (Junior High School Version), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form ( CTQ- SF), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Statistical analyses of the data were performed using the Chi-square test and multiple Logistic regression. Results: The detection rates of NSSI, SA, NSSI+SA and ACEs in junior high school students were 19.2%, 4.6%, 3.5% and 57.9% respectively. After controlling for factors such as gender, grade, family type, self rated family economic status, self rated academic performance, self rated academic pressure, number of close friends, and depressive symptom scores, results from the multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school students with physical abuse ( OR = 1.98, 95% CI =1.23-3.18), emotional abuse ( OR =2.83, 95% CI =1.92-4.19), sexual abuse ( OR = 1.70, 95% CI =1.07- 2.69 ), physical neglect ( OR =1.67, 95% CI =1.20-2.33) and witnessing domestic violence ( OR =2.10, 95% CI =1.41-2.87) in childhood had higher risks for the occurrence of NSSI+SA (all P <0.05). After stratification by gender, boys with sexual abuse in childhood had a high risk for the occurrence of NSSI+SA ( OR =2.17, 95% CI =1.06-4.43), whereas girls with emotional abuse ( OR =3.69, 95% CI =2.29-5.94), physical neglect ( OR =1.62, 95% CI =1.07-2.45) and witnessing domestic violence ( OR =2.17, 95% CI =1.41-3.34) in childhood had hgih risks for the occurrence of NSSI+SA (all P <0.05). Conclusions Different types of ACEs have different effects on the co-occurrence of self-harm in junior high school students and there are gender differences. When family interventions are conducted for the combined model, emphasis should be placed on aspects of emotional abuse and domestic violence while optimizing the interventions based on gender differences.

Mental state is an important part of the normal life activities of the human body, and it is also the most external expression and the most easily obtained information of the physical condition. The normal activities of the mind depend on the normal operation of the viscera, qi, and blood, and are a unified whole that prospers together and suffers together. The theory of the five-spirit-viscera in the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic revealed that the normal mental activities of the human body were dominated by the five internal organs, that is, the five internal organs were the body and the five spirits were the function. And it highlighted the viewpoint that the five internal organs store the spirits and are actually one. The heart governs the spirit and belongs to the four internal organs. On this basis, Synopsis of Golden Chamber used the internal organs to diagnose and treat mental diseases, integrating the theory of the five spirits into it, forming a unique method of diagnosis and treatment with the heart as the leading factor and regulating the qi and blood of the four internal organs. It identified the pathogenesis of diseases such as pathogenic crying, lily disease, and hysteria from five levels: heart deficiency and weak qi, heart-lung disharmony, heart-liver disharmony, the heart of the loss of the spleen nourishment, and disharmony between heart and kidney. The treatment was mainly to replenish the deficiency of the viscera and eliminate the pathogens, reflecting the characteristics of regulating the mind and calming the four internal organs. This unique view on diagnosis and treatment has profoundly influenced the diagnosis and treatment theories of mental illnesses by later doctors, and is of great significance to the current clinical treatment of such illnesses.

Objective: To understand the current situation and influencing factors of comorbidity of depressive and anxiety symptoms among middle school students in Chongqing, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating a comprehensive strategy for the co prevention of multiple diseases among middle school students. Methods: From September to December 2024, 12 327 middle school students were selected from 6 districts and counties in Chongqing by the combination of stratified cluster sampling and convenience sampling method. The current status of depressive and anxiety symptoms was investigated by using the Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The Chi-squared test was used to compare the differences between groups with comorbidity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze its related factors, and a nomogram prediction model was drawn. Results: The detection rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and comorbidity among middle school students in Chongqing were 26.34%, 34.55% and 21.16%, respectively. Among them, the detection rates of the three types of symptoms in girls (29.80%, 40.99%, 25.15%) were all higher than those in boys (23.22%, 28.73%, 17.55%) ( χ 2=68.61, 204.23, 106.51, all P <0.01). Statistical significance was observed in the distribution of depressive and anxious symptoms among middle school students across different gender, academic stage, school district, family type, physical activity levels, parental discipline, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep deprivation, excessive screen time, Internet addiction, and bullying ( χ 2=14.49-991.46, all P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with junior high school students, ordinary high school students had a higher risk of comorbidity ( OR=2.71, 95% CI = 2.41-3.05); girls ( OR=2.17, 95%CI =1.95-2.40), non-core family ( OR=1.20, 95%CI =1.08-1.32), and good neighborhood ( OR=1.16, 95%CI =1.02-1.30), campus bullying ( OR=4.88, 95%CI =4.32-5.50), Internet addiction ( OR=4.77, 95%CI = 3.41 -6.68), parental beating and scolding ( OR=3.18, 95%CI =2.72-3.71), alcohol consumption ( OR=2.10, 95%CI =1.86- 2.37 ), and insufficient sleep ( OR=1.73, 95%CI =1.54-1.95) had higher risks with comorbidity of depression and anxiety symptoms (all P <0.05). A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on significant variables shows that C-index=0.75 (AUC= 0.75 , 95% CI=0.74-0.76, P <0.05), and the model had good predictive performance. Conclusions The current situation of comorbidity of depressive and anxiety symptoms among middle school students in Chongqing is not optimistic. The nomograms can be used to effectively predict the risk of comorbidity of depressive and anxiety symptoms in middle school students.

ObjectiveTo quantitatively investigate the changes in the total volume and contour density of hepatic oval cells （HOC） in hepatic lobules of rats with carbon tetrachloride （CCl₄）-induced hepatic fibrosis. MethodsA total of 11 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group with 5 rats and hepatic fibrosis group with 6 rats， and CCl₄ and olive oil suspension were injected subcutaneously twice a week， 3 mL/kg each time. After five weeks of hepatic fibrosis modeling， five liver tissue blocks with a size of about 1 mm³ were randomly selected from the liver of each rat to prepare one Epon812 epoxy resin-embedded ultrathin section， and the stereological method and transmission electron microscopy were used for the quantitative analysis of the total volume and contour density of HOC in the hepatic lobules of rats. In addition， four liver tissue blocks with a thickness of 2 mm were randomly selected from the remaining liver of each rat to prepare two paraffin-embedded Masson staining sections， and the degree of liver fibrosis in each rat was qualitatively evaluated according to the Metavir staging criteria for liver fibrosis. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups. ResultsThe quantitative stereological analysis showed that the total volume of HOC in hepatic lobules was 15.40±7.63 mm³ in the control group and 146.80±114.00 mm³ in the liver fibrosis group， and compared with the control group， the total volume of HOC in hepatic lobules of rats in the liver fibrosis group was significantly increased by 8.53 times （t=-2.551， P=0.031）； the contour density of HOC in hepatic lobules was 56.20±40.40 in the control group and 566.50±317.00 in the liver fibrosis group， and compared with the control group， the contour density of HOC in hepatic lobules of rats in the liver fibrosis group was significantly increased by 9.08 times （t=-3.539， P=0.006）. Qualitative observation showed that liver fibrosis stage of rats reached stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ according to the Metavir scoring criteria， and massive proliferation of HOC was observed around the proliferation site of hepatic stellate cells in the perisinusoidal space of rats. ConclusionCCl₄ induces significant proliferation of HOC in hepatic lobules of rats with liver fibrosis.

Objective     To construct a radiomics model for identifying clinical high-risk carotid plaques. Methods     A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with carotid artery stenosis in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from December 2016 to June 2022. The patients were classified as a clinical high-risk carotid plaque group and a clinical low-risk carotid plaque group according to the occurrence of stroke, transient ischemic attack and other cerebrovascular clinical symptoms within six months. Six machine learning models including eXtreme Gradient Boosting, support vector machine, Gaussian Naive Bayesian, logical regression, K-nearest neighbors and artificial neural network were established. We also constructed a joint predictive model combined with logistic regression analysis of clinical risk factors. Results    Finally 652 patients were collected, including 427 males and 225 females, with an average age of 68.2 years. The results showed that the prediction ability of eXtreme Gradient Boosting was the best among the six machine learning models, and the area under the curve (AUC) in validation dataset was 0.751. At the same time, the AUC of eXtreme Gradient Boosting joint prediction model established by clinical data and carotid artery imaging data validation dataset was 0.823. Conclusion     Radiomics features combined with clinical feature model can effectively identify clinical high-risk carotid plaques.

Inflammasome is a kind of intracellular polyprotein complex,which is an important component of the complex system of local inflammatory microenvironment after human tissue damage.When the inflammasome is activated,it induces the activation of cysteine aspartate proteinase 1(caspase-1),mediates the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines,such as interleukin(IL)-1 β and IL-18,and induces cell death,which plays an important role in regulating the host immune response to pathogen infection and tissue repair of cell damage.Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammatory body,which is composed of NLRP3,pro-cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-1(pro-caspase-1)and apoptosis-related spot-like protein(ASC),is the most deeply and widely studied type of inflammatory body,which plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation.When NLRP3 inflammatory bodies are activated,inflammatory mediators are produced and released,which participate in the occurrence and development of a variety of inflammatory diseases.Some studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine can improve the pathological state of a variety of diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammatory bodies,and play a role in the prevention and treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases,including cardiovascular diseases,joint inflammation,diabetes and so on.This paper systematically combs the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies,and summarizes the latest research reports on the effects of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescription,traditional Chinese medicine monomers and traditional Chinese medicine extracts on NLRP3 inflammatory bodies in the treatment of inflammatory diseases,in order to provide new ideas for the further study of the pathogenesis and drug treatment of many inflammatory diseases.

Objective To observe the effect of Bushen Huoxue formula on interleukin-17(IL-17)in rats with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA).Methods RS A model rats were constructed by intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate.Forty RSA model rats were randomly divided into model group,control group and experimental-L,-H groups,with 10 rats per group.Another 10 healthy pregnant rats were set as blank group.The experimental-L,-H groups were given 7.77 and 15.54 g·kg-1 of Bushen Huoxue formula solution by gavage.The control group was given 2.10 mg·kg-1of dydrogesterone solution by gavage.The blank group and the model group were given equal amount of 0.9％NaCl by gavage.The dose of administration for the five groups was 10 mL·kg-1,once a day,for 9 days.The number of live fetuses,embryo loss,and embryo loss rate in each group were observed.The proportion of Th 17 cells in the peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry.The expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-17 and IL-23 proteins in the decidual tissues were detected by Western blotting.Results The number of live fetuses in the experimental-H,control,model and blank groups were 11.50±2.84,11.50±3.10,6.30±1.25 and 12.50±3.24;the number of embryos lost were 1.80±0.42,1.90±0.57,4.90±1.37 and 0;the rates of embryo loss were(14.01±4.52)％,(14.79±6.06)％,(43.50±9.49)％and 0;the proportions of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood were(3.12±0.47)％,(3.10±0.59)％,(5.31±1.16)％and(2.54±0.71)％;the relative expression levels of IL-6 protein were 0.19±0.04,0.18±0.05,0.85±0.16 and 0.11±0.03;the relative expression levels of IL-17 protein were 0.28±0.04,0.29±0.05,0.84±0.12 and 0.09±0.01;the relative expression levels of IL-23 protein were 0.35±0.04,0.34±0.06,0.90±0.11 and 0.08±0.01,respectively.Comparing experimental-H group and model group,comparing control group and blank group,the above indexes were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Bushen Huoxue formula can reduce embryo loss,improve placental tissue pathology,reduce Th 17 cell proportion and its related cytokines IL-6,IL-17,IL-23 expression in rats with RSA.