In today's society， depression is a kind of highly prevalent chronic mental illness. It leads to a high disability rate and a heavy economic burden. Depression is defined by fundamental symptoms of low mood and diminished pleasure. Its causes and mechanisms remain unclear， and it presents a broad spectrum of symptoms and a persistent nature that significantly impacts both physical and mental well-being. Treatment in Western medicine primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms， yet it entails numerous adverse effects and contraindications. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatment is based on resolving depression， which is often accompanied by soothing liver， and the key medicine is Bupleuri Radix. Bupleuri Radix associated prescriptions refer to a class of prescriptions using Bupleuri Radix as the sovereign medicinal or having a high dose of Bupleuri Radix， which are widely used in the field of anti-depression. Previous studies from animal experiments， clinical research， and modern pharmacological research have confirmed that Bupleuri Radix associated prescriptions have precise anti-depression efficacy in multiple ways and at multiple levels， but lack a comprehensive and systematic summarization. This paper summarized and analyzed the literature related to the clinical application and mechanism of action of Bupleuri Radix associated prescriptions in anti-depression treatment. The results showed that the anti-depression mechanism of the Bupleuri Radix associated prescriptions （such as Xiaochaihu Tang， Xiaoyao San， Sini San， Chaihu Shugan San， and Chaihu jia Longgu Muli San） was associated with the effects of regulating monoamine neurotransmitters， the brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， intestinal flora， and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis， inhibiting inflammatory responses， and modulating related signaling pathways. Applying them in clinical practice can effectively alleviate patient symptoms， lower the TCM syndrome score and the severity of depression， and also reduce adverse reactions. This underscores advantages of TCM in depression treatment， which offers patients a secure， effective， and more individualized alternative treatment regimen. On this basis， the shortcomings of current studies and the future trend were analyzed. This study aimed to provide an evidence-based medicine basis for the research and development of novel antidepressant medications.

Astrocytes and microglia engage in extensive and complex communication and mutual effect, which referrs to microglia-astrocyte crosstalk. Recent studies have highlighted that this crosstalk plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, exerting either protective or detrimental effects. This review briefly introduces the molecular mechanism of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and its research progress in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, aiming to provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for clinical improvement of neurodegenerative diseases from perspective of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk.

Adult-onset Still's disease(AOSD)is a rare autoinflammatory disease characterized by fever,rash,arthritis,liver,spleen and lymph node enlargement,increased total number of peripheral white blood cells and neutrophil ratio.This paper reported a case of AOSD with dermal lymphadenitis(DL)complicated with hemophagocytic syndrome(HPS),in order to improve the clinicians'understanding for this complicated complication.The patient was a 48-year-old female who was admitted to the hospital with the complant of"intermittent fever with rash for 15 d".After 10 d of active anti-infection treatment,the symptoms were not improved,and there were new large congestive edematous erythema on the face and trunk,muscle pain in limbs and joints,and spleen enlargement.Laboratory tests showed increased white blood cell count,significantly decreased platelet count,hypofibrinogenemia,elevated serum ferritin,and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor sCD25;DL was pathologically diagnosed by axillary lymph node biopsy.After excluding other diseases,the diagnosis was confirmed as AOSD with DL complicated with HPS.After diagnosis of HPS,the patient was treated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)-1994 regimen combined with rucotinib for 6 weeks,and the symptoms were improved;the patrent was discharged.The diagnosis of AOSD is particularly complex when complicated with the complications such as HPS,which requires carefully differential diagnosis,especially to exclude lymphoma.The cases of AOSD with DL are rare,and its etiology and pathogenesis need further study;early diagnosis and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential to improve the patient's prognosis.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a class of nervous system disorders characterized by delayed onset and selective neuronal dysfunction, which are closely associated with aging.Given the challenges associated with early detection and the irreversible nature of the condition, the pursuit of specific biomarkers has emerged as a critical component of disease prevention strategies.Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) generates images which exhibit near-histological resolution without the requirement for contrast agent injection, demonstrating superior sensitivity compared to fundus photography. OCTA has the ability to identify and evaluate neurodegenerative diseases via the quantitative analysis of retinal parameters. The OCTA of the retina and choroid has been verified as a highly sensitive instrument for detecting microvascular abnormalities in both ocular and systemic retinal disorders. This review focuses on the application of OCTA in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer′s disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington′s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Wolfram syndrome, with the aim of providing a reference for the early diagnosis and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Sarcopenia is a systemic disease characterized by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,leading to an increased incidence of adverse outcomes such as falls and fractures.Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types,with primary sarcopenia being closely related to aging and posing a serious threat to a healthy life among the elderly.Sarcopenia has an insidious onset and is often overlooked in terms of its clinical treatment.Its pathogenesis is complex,involving functional changes and pathological alterations in multiple systems,and presenting major research challenges.Cell models can effectively be used to simulate the pathological changes of diseases under controllable conditions,thus facilitating the investigation of the etiology and factors influencing sarcopenia,and providing an important approach for in-depth studies of its mechanism;however,there is currently no standardized cell model in the field of sarcopenia research.Commonly used cell models currently include models involving protein metabolism interventions,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response interventions.This review considers the commonly used skeletal muscle cell types and modeling method of sarcopenia,to provide a solid foundation and important method ological reference for further simulation of the pathological process of sarcopenia in subsequent experimental studies.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a class of nervous system disorders characterized by delayed onset and selective neuronal dysfunction, which are closely associated with aging.Given the challenges associated with early detection and the irreversible nature of the condition, the pursuit of specific biomarkers has emerged as a critical component of disease prevention strategies.Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) generates images which exhibit near-histological resolution without the requirement for contrast agent injection, demonstrating superior sensitivity compared to fundus photography. OCTA has the ability to identify and evaluate neurodegenerative diseases via the quantitative analysis of retinal parameters. The OCTA of the retina and choroid has been verified as a highly sensitive instrument for detecting microvascular abnormalities in both ocular and systemic retinal disorders. This review focuses on the application of OCTA in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer′s disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington′s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Wolfram syndrome, with the aim of providing a reference for the early diagnosis and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose To explore the expression level of let-7b-5p in glioma and its effects and potential mecha-nisms on U251 cell growth.Methods The expression of let-7b-5p in glioma was detected using qRT-PCR.Data from the CGGA database were analyzed to examine the relationship between the let-7b-5p expression levels,WHO grade and overall survival rates of glioma patients.Transient transfection was used to downregulate the expression of let-7b-5p and IGF1R in U251 cells.The role and potential mechanism of let-7b-5p in the U251 cell were evaluated using qRT-PCR,CCK8 assays,clone formation assays,Western blotting,and double luciferase reporter assays.Results The expres-sion of let-7b-5p in glioma cells(A172:3.64±0.64,V251:4.56±0.52,U87-MG:3.31±0.50)and tissues(2.18±0.22)was significantly higher than that in astrocytes(HMC3:1.00±0.21,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)and nor-mal brain tissues(1.01±0.19,P＜0.05).Let-7b-5p expression was negatively correlated with WHO grades but pos-itively correlated with survival rates in primary and recurrent glioma patients(P＜0.000 1 and P=0.028,respective-ly).Knockdown of let-7b-5p in U251 cells significantly promoted the growth of glioma cells(CCK8:knockdown group 126.00±12.09 vs miR-NC group 90.93±5.13,P＜0.05)and activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.Suppressing IGF1R expression in U251 cells reversed the effects of let-7b-5p knockdown on glioma cell growth[CCK8:let-7b-5p knockdown+IGF1R knockdown group(92.08±6.14)vs let-7b-5p knockdown+sh-NC group(116.67.08±8.50)]and PI3K/AKT signal pathway activation.Conclusion Let-7b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma.It may regulate glioma cell growth by targeting IGF1R and modulating PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Purpose To explore the expression level of let-7b-5p in glioma and its effects and potential mecha-nisms on U251 cell growth.Methods The expression of let-7b-5p in glioma was detected using qRT-PCR.Data from the CGGA database were analyzed to examine the relationship between the let-7b-5p expression levels,WHO grade and overall survival rates of glioma patients.Transient transfection was used to downregulate the expression of let-7b-5p and IGF1R in U251 cells.The role and potential mechanism of let-7b-5p in the U251 cell were evaluated using qRT-PCR,CCK8 assays,clone formation assays,Western blotting,and double luciferase reporter assays.Results The expres-sion of let-7b-5p in glioma cells(A172:3.64±0.64,V251:4.56±0.52,U87-MG:3.31±0.50)and tissues(2.18±0.22)was significantly higher than that in astrocytes(HMC3:1.00±0.21,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)and nor-mal brain tissues(1.01±0.19,P＜0.05).Let-7b-5p expression was negatively correlated with WHO grades but pos-itively correlated with survival rates in primary and recurrent glioma patients(P＜0.000 1 and P=0.028,respective-ly).Knockdown of let-7b-5p in U251 cells significantly promoted the growth of glioma cells(CCK8:knockdown group 126.00±12.09 vs miR-NC group 90.93±5.13,P＜0.05)and activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.Suppressing IGF1R expression in U251 cells reversed the effects of let-7b-5p knockdown on glioma cell growth[CCK8:let-7b-5p knockdown+IGF1R knockdown group(92.08±6.14)vs let-7b-5p knockdown+sh-NC group(116.67.08±8.50)]and PI3K/AKT signal pathway activation.Conclusion Let-7b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma.It may regulate glioma cell growth by targeting IGF1R and modulating PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Sarcopenia is a systemic disease characterized by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,leading to an increased incidence of adverse outcomes such as falls and fractures.Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types,with primary sarcopenia being closely related to aging and posing a serious threat to a healthy life among the elderly.Sarcopenia has an insidious onset and is often overlooked in terms of its clinical treatment.Its pathogenesis is complex,involving functional changes and pathological alterations in multiple systems,and presenting major research challenges.Cell models can effectively be used to simulate the pathological changes of diseases under controllable conditions,thus facilitating the investigation of the etiology and factors influencing sarcopenia,and providing an important approach for in-depth studies of its mechanism;however,there is currently no standardized cell model in the field of sarcopenia research.Commonly used cell models currently include models involving protein metabolism interventions,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response interventions.This review considers the commonly used skeletal muscle cell types and modeling method of sarcopenia,to provide a solid foundation and important method ological reference for further simulation of the pathological process of sarcopenia in subsequent experimental studies.

Astrocytes and microglia engage in extensive and complex communication and mutual effect, which referrs to microglia-astrocyte crosstalk. Recent studies have highlighted that this crosstalk plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, exerting either protective or detrimental effects. This review briefly introduces the molecular mechanism of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and its research progress in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, aiming to provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for clinical improvement of neurodegenerative diseases from perspective of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk.