Objective: To explore the effects of different types of acute exercise on the working memory of sedentary college students，so as to provide a basis for exercise intervention. Methods: From April 15 to May 30, 2023, a total of 42 sedentary college students were recruited from one university in Beijing. Using a single blind, completely randomized experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to an open skill exercise group, a closed skill exercise group, or a control group, with 14 participants in each group. The open skill exercise group engaged in 30 minutes of badminton, the closed skill exercise group performed 30 minutes of running, and the control group remained seated for 30 minutes. All participants completed a 2-back working memory task and had their electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded before and after the intervention. Results: The accuracy rates of the open skill exercise group, closed skill exercise group, and control group (0.90±0.06, 0.94±0.05; 0.88±0.05, 0.94±0.05; 0.85±0.10, 0.90±0.06) showed a significant main effect of time ( F=37.14, P <0.01). Reaction times [(923.65±145.08, 711.56± 140.93 ; 909.59±180.28, 807.85±169.66; 917.05±166.35, 871.86±186.07)ms] showed both a significant main effect of time and a significant interaction between group and time ( F=70.55, 11.83, P <0.01). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that all three groups improved in accuracy and reaction time compared to pre test values, with no significant difference in accuracy between groups. However, the reaction time of the open skill exercise group was significantly faster than that of the control group ( P <0.05), while there was no significant difference between the closed skill exercise group and the control group ( P >0.05). For EEG data, the P2 amplitude showed a significant main effect of time and a significant interaction between groups and time ( F=10.60, 7.66, P < 0.01 ), with the open skill exercise group exhibiting a higher P2 amplitude than the control group ( P <0.05), while the closed skill exercise group showed no significant difference compared to the control group ( P >0.05). The N2 amplitude showed a significant main effect of time ( F=5.94, P <0.05). The P3 amplitude showed significant main effects of time and electrode position, as well as a significant interaction between groups and time ( F=23.16, 4.53, 5.85, P <0.05), with both exercise groups exhibiting higher P3 amplitudes than the control group ( P <0.05), but no significant difference between the two exercise groups ( P >0.05). Conclusion Open skill exercise is more effective than closed skill exercise in improving the working memory of sedentary college students.

Rosacea is a chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease, and correct assessment of clinical symptoms and severity may facilitate treatment options. This review summarizes a range of subjective, semi-subjective and objective methods currently used in the assessment of rosacea severity, in order to provide useful tools for clinical assessment of rosacea severity and give guidance on treatment modification according to the therapeutic effect.

Objective:To explore the current situation, hot spots and trends of research on the prevention and treatment of diabetes peripheral neuropathy with TCM; To provide reference for scientific research and clinical practice.Methods:Literature related to the prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with TCM was retrieved from CNKI and Web of Science from the establishment of the databases to December 31, 2021. CiteSpace 6.1.3 software was used to visualize the knowledge map of the number of articles, journals, authors, institutions, keyword clustering, and keyword emergence.Results:A total of 793 core articles were included, including 692 in CNKI and 101 in Web of Science. The research on the TCM prevention and treatment of diabetes peripheral neuropathy was on the rise. Liu Tonghua (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine) wrote most Chinese articles, while Liang Xiaochun (Peking Union Medical College Hospital) wrote more English articles. The research institutions were mainly medical colleges and universities and their affiliated hospitals. Current research hotspots and future development trends mainly included the following aspects: TCM compounds, acupuncture therapy, oxidative stress, nerve conduction velocity, expression of related pathogenic genes, randomized controlled experiments, data mining, systematic evaluation, etc.Conclusion:At present, the research on the TCM prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy at home and abroad has gradually entered a stable development stage and has a certain research scale. However, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation and communication between research teams and institutions and promote sustainable clinical efficacy evaluation and basic research development.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and has become one of the leading causes of blindness and visual impairment in diabetes patients.The pathogenesis of DR is multifaceted,involving inflammation,oxidative stress,neurovascular abnormalities,and other factors that present potential targets for disease management interventions.Currently,anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs serve as the primary treatment for advanced stages of DR when irreversible neurovascular damage and visual impairment have occurred.Additionally,some patients show poor or no response to anti-VEGF treatment.There is a lack of early intervention options for the initial phases of the disease.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop novel local or systemic therapies based on the underlying mechanisms of DR to enable early prevention and treatment with the aim of preserving patients' vision.Medications targeting various pathways including anti-inflammatory agents(corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs),neurotrophic and neuroprotective drugs,drugs modulating biochemical pathways,antioxidant phytochemicals,and gene therapy can complement each other in terms of therapeutic effects to benefit a larger number of individuals affected by DR.This article reviews previous research reports on the pathogenesis,drug treatment methods,and potential therapeutic targets associated with DR in order to provide guidance for clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Renshen Baidusan in repairing intestinal mucosa in ulcerative colitis （UC） by regulating autophagy to scavenge peroxides. MethodThe mouse model of UC was induced by free drinking of 3.0% dextran sulphate sodium （DSS） solution. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into normal， model， mesalazine （0.3 g·kg^-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （12.35， 8.22， 4.11 g·kg^-1， respectively） Renshen Baidusan groups （n=10）. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 7 consecutive days. The colon tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin （HE） to reveal the pathological changes， and Alcian blue-Periodic acid Scheff （PAS/AB） staining was employed to observe the goblet cell changes. The fluorescence expression of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in the colon tissue was detected by the immunofluorescence assay. The activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） were measured by the biochemical methods. Western blot was employed to determine the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 （LGR5）， and p62. ResultDestroyed mucosal epithelial structure， intestinal gland destruction， loss of goblet cells， and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells appeared in the model group. Compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased tissue damage injury （TDI） score of the colon tissue， decreased SOD activity and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ， PCNA value， and elevated levels of p62， MDA， ROS， and LGR5 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， different doses of Renshen Baidusan decreased the TDI score， promoted the generation of new goblet cells， elevated the levels of PCNA， LGR5， SOD， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ， and lowered the levels of p62， MDA， and ROS （P<0.05）. Moreover， the low dose group showed the best performance （P<0.05）. ConclusionRenshen Baidusan can promote intestinal epithelial repair by activating intestinal autophagy， alleviating oxidative stress， and promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of internal treatment （Renshen Baidusan）， external treatment （Yurui Enema）， and combination of the two methods in treating intestinal mucosal injury in the rat model of ulcerative colitis （UC） from the changes of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） pathway. MethodFifty SPF-grade SD rats were randomized into blank， model， Renshen Baidusan （15.6 g·kg^-1）， Yurui Enema （25 g·kg^-1）， and combined treatment （15.6 g·kg^-1 Renshen Baidusan + 25 g·kg^-1 Yurui Enema） groups （n=10）. The rat model of UC was established in other groups except the blank group by 2，4， 6-trinitrosulfonic acid （TNBS）/ethanol. The rats were administered with corresponding drugs once a day for 14 consecutive days since the 8th day after modeling. The histopathological changes of colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， interferon （IFN）-γ， interleukin （IL）-4， and IL-10 in the colon tissue. The apoptosis of colon epithelial cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling （TUNEL）. The location and expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， TNF-α， and IL-6 in the colon tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry. Real-time quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot were employed to determine the mRNA and protein levels， respectively， of the proteins in the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in the colon tissue. ResultIn the model group， HE staining showed a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the mucosa and submucosa. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed elevated levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and lowered levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the colon tissue， increased apoptosis rate of colon epithelial cells， increased positive expression of Bax， TNF-α， and IL-6， and decreased positive expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05）. Moreover， the model group showed up-regulated mRNA levels of PI3K， Akt， and NF-κB and protein levels of PI3K， p-PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， p65， p-p65， Bax， and cleaved Caspase-3， increased Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 ratios， and down-regulated protein levels of NF-κB suppressor protein α（IκBα）， Bcl-2， and Caspase-3 in the colon tissue （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the internal treatment， the external treatment， and the combination （referred to as the three groups） alleviated the colonic mucosal injury， lowered the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and elevated the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the colon tissue， decreased the apoptosis rate of colon cells， inhibited the positive expression of Bax， TNF-α， and IL-6， and promoted the positive expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.05）. Furthermore， the combination group down-regulated the mRNA level of PI3K （P<0.05）. The three groups down-regulated the mRNA levels of Akt and NF-κB and the protein levels of p-PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， p65， p-p65， Bax， and cleaved Caspase-3 in the colon tissue， decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 ratios， and up-regulated the protein levels of IκBα， Bcl-2， and Caspase-3 （P<0.05）. ConclusionRenshen Baidusan， Yurui Enema， and their combination may inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway and regulate the expression of genes and proteins related to this pathway to achieve anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects， thus restoring the intestinal mucosal barrier function of UC rats.

ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of Renshen Baidusan in regulating adenylate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/Unc-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1） autophagy pathway to inhibit mucosal barrier damage in the mouse model of ulcerative colitis （UC）. MethodSixty SD rats were randomized into normal， model， sulfasalazine enteric-coated tablets （0.312 5 g·kg^-1， western medicine）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （31.2， 15.6， 7.8 g·kg^-1， respectively） Renshen Baidusan groups. The UC model was induced by 2，4，6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNBS）/50% ethanol. The drugs were administrated by gavage for 2 weeks， and then the histopathological changes of the colon were examined. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted to measure the mRNA level of AMP-activated protein kinase subunit alpha （AMPKα）. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of closure protein （Occludin）， compact linking protein-2 （Claudin-2）， autophagy marker p62， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B）， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， and phosphorylated ULK1 （p-ULK1）. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed increased colon injury score （P<0.05）， down-regulated mRNA level of AMPKα （P<0.05） and protein levels of p-AMPK， p-ULK1， and Occludin， decreased LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio （P<0.05）， and up-regulated protein levels of p62 and Claudin-2 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， all the doses of Renshen Baidusan lowered the colon injury score， up-regulated the mRNA level of AMPKα and the protein levels of p-AMPK， p-ULK1， and Occluding， increased LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio， and down-regulated the protein levels of p62 and Claudin-2. Moreover， the medium-dose group showed a significant intervention effect （P<0.05）. ConclusionRenshen Baidusan can protect the intestinal mucosal barrier from damage， and the medium dose showed the best efficacy. It may activate the AMPK/ULK1 pathway to accelerate the transformation of LC3Ⅰ to LC3Ⅱ and promote the degradation of p62， so as to improve the function of Occludin and Claudin-2 and repair the mechanical damage of the intestinal barrier.

ObjectiveTo summarize the history and modern clinical application of Renshen Baidusan. MethodThe bibliometric method was used to retrieve the relevant publications of Renshen Baidusan from the ancient book database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）. The publications were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The information of dynasty， book title， function， dosage and so on was extracted， on the basis of which the history， composition， dosage， decocting method， original medicinal plants， processing， and modern clinical application of this prescription were analyzed. ResultRenshen Baidusan was first recorded in the Formulary of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy， consisting of Bupleuri Radix， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Platycodonis Radix， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Poria， Aurantii Fructus， Peucedani Radix， Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， Angelicae Pubescentis Radix， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Menthae Haplocalycis Herba and with the effect of dispersing cold， removing dampness， reinforcing Qi， and relieving exterior. Later generations of physicians used this prescription on the basis of the record in Formulary of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy to treat cold （frequency of 112， 22.63%） and seasonal cold （frequency of 83， 16.77%）. Renshen Baidusan is widely used in modern clinical practice to treat respiratory diseases （frequency of 42， 17.65%）， skin diseases （frequency of 34， 14.29%）， and infectious diseases （frequency of 33， 13.87%）. This prescription is often modified to treat the syndrome of internal deficiency and external contraction， or external contraction of wind， cold and damp pathogens without deficiency of healthy Qi， which fully embodies the concept of treating different diseases with the same method in traditional Chinese medicine. ConclusionThe textual research reveals the key information of the classical prescription Renshen Baidusan， providing a basis for the subsequent development and application of compound preparations.

Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is an important cause of septicemia deaths. BaWeiBaiDuSan (BWBDS) was extracted from a formula of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Lilium brownie F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker, Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Amygdalus Communis Vas, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., and Cortex Phelloderdri. Herein, we investigated whether the BWBDS treatment could reverse SILI by the mechanism of modulating gut microbiota. BWBDS protected mice against SILI, which was associated with promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and enhancing intestinal integrity. BWBDS selectively promoted the growth of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in cecal ligation and puncture treated mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation treatment indicated that gut bacteria correlated with sepsis and was required for BWBDS anti-sepsis effects. Notably, L. johnsonii significantly reduced SILI by promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity, increasing interleukin-10⁺ M2 macrophage production and enhancing intestinal integrity. Furthermore, heat inactivation L. johnsonii (HI-L. johnsonii) treatment promoted macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and alleviated SILI. Our findings revealed BWBDS and gut microbiota L. johnsonii as novel prebiotic and probiotic that may be used to treat SILI. The potential underlying mechanism was at least in part, via L. johnsonii-dependent immune regulation and interleukin-10⁺ M2 macrophage production.

Objective:To study the risk factors of complications after bowel resection for acute mesenteric ischemic disease.Methods:Retrospective case-control study was used to analyze the case data of 68 patients diagnosed with acute mesenteric ischemic disease (AMI) with bowel resection at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 2010 to January 2020, including 43 males and 25 females. The patients were divided into complication group ( n=21) and the non-complication group ( n=47) according to whether they had complications after surgery. The risk factors associated with the development of postoperative complications were analyzed by multivariate Logistic stepwise regression method to determine the risk factors with clinical significance. Measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for comparison between groups. Chi-square test was used for comparison between count data groups. Results:Univariate analysis showed that age >60 years, Marshall score≥2, type of resected bowel, pathology suggestive of irreversible transmural necrosis, length of ICU stay >6 d, length of mechanical ventilation >2 d, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and preoperative procalcitonin≥2 ng/mL were the risk factors affecting the development of complications after bowel resection for acute mesenteric ischemic disease risk factors ( P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age>60 years ( HR=12.364, 95% CI: 1.135-134.662, P=0.039) and preoperative procalcitonin ≥2 ng/mL ( HR=14.144, 95% CI: 1.280-156.303, P=0.031) were independent risk factors for the development of postoperative complications after AMI parallel bowel resection. Conclusion:The rate of complications after combined bowel resection for AMI is high. When patients are combined with age>60 years and preoperative procalcitonin≥2 ng/mL, preoperative prevention of postoperative complications should be emphasized to improve the prognosis of patients.