Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Current antipsychotic medications show limited effectiveness in treating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, leading to inhibitory circuit dysregulation, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and brain organoid technologies have provided more accurate human-based models of schizophrenia, offering new avenues to investigate the complex neurodevelopmental mechanism of schizophrenia and to explore cell replacement therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of specific types of GABAergic interneuron precursors into the brain can selectively improve negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in animal models, highlighting considerable translational potential. However, the transition from bench to bedside still faces multiple technical and ethical challenges, enhancing cell differentiation efficiency, ensuring long-term safety of transplanted cells, achieving precise control and functional integration of neuronal subtypes, understanding circuit-specific contributions to different symptom domains, and establishing rigorous ethical and regulatory frameworks. In summary, inhibitory GABAergic interneuron-based cell therapy provides a novel theoretical and perspective foundation for improving negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite significant challenges ahead, its prospects remain highly promising.

Objective:To investigate effective strategies to reduce the high risk of recurrence after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)in patients with minimal residual disease(MRD)-positive B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL).Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed for ten B-ALL patients with positive MRD before transplantation at our center from November 2022 to November 2024.There were four male patients and six female patients,with a median age of 30(7-56)years.Of all patients,four received transplantation from unrelated donors,and six received haploidentical transplantation from relatives.All ten patients received blinatumomab(28 μg/day for 14 days for patients≥45 kg;5 μg/m2/day for 14 days for patients<45 kg)and were bridged to the conditioning regimen for allo-HSCT within 7 days.Results:After treatment with blinatumomab,all ten patients achieved the clearance of MRD.After allo-HSCT,100%of the patients achieved donor hematopoietic reconstitution.The median time to neutrophil reconstitution was 12(9-22)days,and the median time to platelet reconstitution was 13.5(9-22)days.As of January 2025,the median observation time was 14(2-26)months;of all patients,two experienced recurrence,and one had positive MRD again,with a recurrence rate of 20%.Among the ten patients,nine survived and one died of disease recurrence.One patient achieved complete re-mission again after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell(CAR-T)therapy following recurrence,and the patient with positive MRD achieved the clearance of MRD again after interleukin-2 treatment;both patients were currently alive.During treatment,one patient developed cytokine release syndrome,one patient was comorbid with SARS-CoV-2 infection,one patient had herpes zoster and viral encephalitis,three patients developed grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ acute graft-versus-host disease,and four patients developed chronic graft-versus-host disease;no transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy was observed.Conclusion:For patients with MRD-positive B-ALL,blinatumomab as a bridge therapy for allo-HSCT can significantly reduce recurrence after transplantation,with fewer complica-tions that are easy to control.Multicenter randomized controlled clinical studies can be performed to further verify its efficacy and safety.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the medication patterns of traditional Chinese medicine combinations for the treatment of pulmonary nodules in national patents using data mining and network pharmacology methods,providing a reference for the clinical treat-ment of pulmonary nodules.METHODS Patent data on traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions for the treatment of pul-monary nodules were collected from the China National Intellectual Property Administration Patent Inquiry System and the China Na-tional Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)patent database.Formula statistics were performed using Excel software.The Ancient and Modern Medical Case Cloud Platform was used to conduct high-frequency analysis of traditional Chinese medicine including frequency,properties and flavors,meridian tropism,efficacy categories,association rules,clustering,complex network analysis to screen out core drugs.Network pharmacology was then used to predict potential targets and pathways in patent prescriptions for the treatment of pulmo-nary nodules.RESULTS A total of 67 valid patents for the treatment of pulmonary nodules were included,involving 276 traditional Chinese medicines,with a cumulative total frequency of 859.The top five traditional Chinese medicines in terms of frequency of use were Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch,Astragalus membranaceus,Pinellia ternate,Curcuma zedoary and Hedyotis diffusa.These traditional Chinese medicines were primarily sweet and warm in property,primarily targeting the lung,liver,and spleen meridians,and their main effects were clearing heat,drying dampness and resolving phlegm,and promoting diuresis and reducing swelling.Association a-nalysis revealed that the top drug pairs were Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi-Pinellia ternate,Fagopyrum cymosum-Pinellia ternate,Ra-nunculus ternatus-Curcuma zedoary,Radix Angelicae Sinensis-Radix Paeoniae Alba,and Radix Angelicae Sinensis-Glycyrrhiza ura-lensis Fisch.Cluster analysis identified three drug combinations,and complex network analysis demonstrated that the core drug compo-nents were Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,Pinellia ternate,Astragalus membranaceus,Curcuma zedoary,Fritillaria thunbergii,Fago-pyrum dibotryis,Hedyotis diffusa and Ranunculus ternatus.Network pharmacology analysis showed that the key targets for the treat-ment of lung nodules with patent prescriptions were GAPDH,IL6,TNF and so on.The core active ingredients were Baicalein,Moslosooflavone,and Norwogonin and so on.The main pathways involved were cancer pathways,lipids and arteriosclerosis,and viral carcinogenesis.CONCLUSION The inclusion of traditional Chinese medicine compound patent in this case is consistent with the eti-ology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung nodules.Commonly used drug pairs and cluster prescriptions re-flect the flexible compatibility of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of pulmonary nodules,such as clearing away heat and toxic materials,resolving phlegm and eliminating swelling,regulating qi and strengthening spleen,promoting blood circulation and remo-ving blood stasis.The core drugs exert their effects on pulmonary nodules through multiple components,multiple targets and multiple pathways.

Objective To investigate alterations in plasma complement levels and white matter imaging characteristics,along with their relationship in patients with first-episode schizophrenia(SCZ).Methods Thirty-eight patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 42 healthy controls were enrolled.Whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)was performed using a Philips 3.0 T MRI scanner.Tract-based spatial statistics(TBSS)combined with the Johns Hopkins University(JHU)white matter labels atlas was used to extract and compare white matter characteristics between the two groups.Plasma levels of complement components(C1q,C3,C4,factor B,factor H,and factor P)were measured using the MILLIPLEX? human complement assay kit via multiplex analysis.Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the association between plasma complement levels and white matter features.Results The radial diffusivity(RD)of the left fornix/stria terminalis was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group[(0.62±0.04)×10-3mm2/s vs.(0.60±0.03)×10-3mm2/s,PFDR=0.048)].Factor H[677.71(551.58,846.21)ng/mL vs.582.76(513.93,729.71)ng/mL,P=0.041]and factor P[71.36(57.30,95.99)ng/mL vs.60.08(46.67,80.03)ng/mL,P=0.011]were both significantly elevated compared to the control group.Moreover,RD values in the left fornix/stria terminalis were negatively correlated with plasma C3 levels in the patient group(r=-0.362,P=0.025).Conclusion Patients with first-episode schizophrenia exhibit white matter microstructural abnormalities in left fornix/stria terminalis,which are significantly associated with plasma complement levels.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the medication patterns of traditional Chinese medicine combinations for the treatment of pulmonary nodules in national patents using data mining and network pharmacology methods,providing a reference for the clinical treat-ment of pulmonary nodules.METHODS Patent data on traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions for the treatment of pul-monary nodules were collected from the China National Intellectual Property Administration Patent Inquiry System and the China Na-tional Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)patent database.Formula statistics were performed using Excel software.The Ancient and Modern Medical Case Cloud Platform was used to conduct high-frequency analysis of traditional Chinese medicine including frequency,properties and flavors,meridian tropism,efficacy categories,association rules,clustering,complex network analysis to screen out core drugs.Network pharmacology was then used to predict potential targets and pathways in patent prescriptions for the treatment of pulmo-nary nodules.RESULTS A total of 67 valid patents for the treatment of pulmonary nodules were included,involving 276 traditional Chinese medicines,with a cumulative total frequency of 859.The top five traditional Chinese medicines in terms of frequency of use were Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch,Astragalus membranaceus,Pinellia ternate,Curcuma zedoary and Hedyotis diffusa.These traditional Chinese medicines were primarily sweet and warm in property,primarily targeting the lung,liver,and spleen meridians,and their main effects were clearing heat,drying dampness and resolving phlegm,and promoting diuresis and reducing swelling.Association a-nalysis revealed that the top drug pairs were Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi-Pinellia ternate,Fagopyrum cymosum-Pinellia ternate,Ra-nunculus ternatus-Curcuma zedoary,Radix Angelicae Sinensis-Radix Paeoniae Alba,and Radix Angelicae Sinensis-Glycyrrhiza ura-lensis Fisch.Cluster analysis identified three drug combinations,and complex network analysis demonstrated that the core drug compo-nents were Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,Pinellia ternate,Astragalus membranaceus,Curcuma zedoary,Fritillaria thunbergii,Fago-pyrum dibotryis,Hedyotis diffusa and Ranunculus ternatus.Network pharmacology analysis showed that the key targets for the treat-ment of lung nodules with patent prescriptions were GAPDH,IL6,TNF and so on.The core active ingredients were Baicalein,Moslosooflavone,and Norwogonin and so on.The main pathways involved were cancer pathways,lipids and arteriosclerosis,and viral carcinogenesis.CONCLUSION The inclusion of traditional Chinese medicine compound patent in this case is consistent with the eti-ology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung nodules.Commonly used drug pairs and cluster prescriptions re-flect the flexible compatibility of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of pulmonary nodules,such as clearing away heat and toxic materials,resolving phlegm and eliminating swelling,regulating qi and strengthening spleen,promoting blood circulation and remo-ving blood stasis.The core drugs exert their effects on pulmonary nodules through multiple components,multiple targets and multiple pathways.

Objective To investigate alterations in plasma complement levels and white matter imaging characteristics,along with their relationship in patients with first-episode schizophrenia(SCZ).Methods Thirty-eight patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 42 healthy controls were enrolled.Whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)was performed using a Philips 3.0 T MRI scanner.Tract-based spatial statistics(TBSS)combined with the Johns Hopkins University(JHU)white matter labels atlas was used to extract and compare white matter characteristics between the two groups.Plasma levels of complement components(C1q,C3,C4,factor B,factor H,and factor P)were measured using the MILLIPLEX? human complement assay kit via multiplex analysis.Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the association between plasma complement levels and white matter features.Results The radial diffusivity(RD)of the left fornix/stria terminalis was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group[(0.62±0.04)×10-3mm2/s vs.(0.60±0.03)×10-3mm2/s,PFDR=0.048)].Factor H[677.71(551.58,846.21)ng/mL vs.582.76(513.93,729.71)ng/mL,P=0.041]and factor P[71.36(57.30,95.99)ng/mL vs.60.08(46.67,80.03)ng/mL,P=0.011]were both significantly elevated compared to the control group.Moreover,RD values in the left fornix/stria terminalis were negatively correlated with plasma C3 levels in the patient group(r=-0.362,P=0.025).Conclusion Patients with first-episode schizophrenia exhibit white matter microstructural abnormalities in left fornix/stria terminalis,which are significantly associated with plasma complement levels.

Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Current antipsychotic medications show limited effectiveness in treating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, leading to inhibitory circuit dysregulation, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and brain organoid technologies have provided more accurate human-based models of schizophrenia, offering new avenues to investigate the complex neurodevelopmental mechanism of schizophrenia and to explore cell replacement therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of specific types of GABAergic interneuron precursors into the brain can selectively improve negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in animal models, highlighting considerable translational potential. However, the transition from bench to bedside still faces multiple technical and ethical challenges, enhancing cell differentiation efficiency, ensuring long-term safety of transplanted cells, achieving precise control and functional integration of neuronal subtypes, understanding circuit-specific contributions to different symptom domains, and establishing rigorous ethical and regulatory frameworks. In summary, inhibitory GABAergic interneuron-based cell therapy provides a novel theoretical and perspective foundation for improving negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite significant challenges ahead, its prospects remain highly promising.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and its mortality rate remains high. In addition to conventional surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, immunotherapy methods have been developed and used in recent years for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a small number of patients with NSCLC can benefit from immunotherapy strategies, and some patients even have hyperprogression after receiving immunotherapy. Therefore, precision immunotherapy requires effective biomarkers to guide it. In this paper, tissue samples, blood samples, intestinal microbiota, and other biomarkers are reviewed according to different sample sources. Blood samples, including TCR immune repertoire, Tregs cells, cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase, and other markers, are summarized and analyzed to provide reference for clinicians' diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Objective To assess the tear film stability and morphological characteristics of the tarsal gland in myopic children.Methods In this prospective descriptive study,myopic children who performed refractive examinations in the Pediatric Ophthalmology & Refraction Clinic,Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital from November 2021 to November 2022 were in-cluded.An Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)questionnaire survey was carried out;tear meniscus height(TMH),non-invasive first breakup time(NIf-BUT)and images of the tarsal glands were obtained by OCULUS Keratograph 5M compre-hensive ocular surface analyzer.In addition,the atrophy and tortuosity of tarsal glands were scored to analyze the tear film stability and clinical characteristics of tarsal glands in myopic children.Results A total of 48 myopic children(91 eyes)aged from 7 to 16(10.25±2.23)years were recruited,including 27 males(56.25％)and 21 females(43.75％).The aver-age TMH was(0.19±0.04)mm(95％CI:0.18-0.19)and the average NIf-BUT was(5.40±2.62)s(95％CI:4.90-5.94);the TMH was positively correlated with NIf-BUT(r=0.223,P=0.034).The tarsal gland atrophy score was 1(0,1).The tortuosity score of the upper and lower tarsal gland was 0(0,1)and 0(0,0),respectively,with a statistically significant difference(Z=3.692,P＜0.001).In all subjects,49 eyes(53.85％)had tarsal gland atrophy,and 37 eyes(40.66％)had tarsal gland tortuosity.There were significant differences in TMH and NIf-BUT between children aged＜12 years and children aged ≥12 years(both P＜0.05).There was a significant difference in TMH between children with an OSDI score＜13 and children with an OSDI score ≥ 13(t=2.305,P=0.026).There was a significant difference in NIf-BUT between mild and moderate myopia children(t=2.300,P=0.024);the spherical equivalent was positively correlated with NIf-BUT(r=0.283,P=0.023).Conclusion Children with mild to moderate myopia show low tear film stability and a certain proportion of abnormal morphology in tarsal glands.In addition to the refractive status of children,attention should also be paid to ocular surface health in the refraction clinic.

Objective:To investigate the effects of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) on patients′ immune markers and metabolic levels in the early stage of allergen treatment, and to gain insight into the role of SCIT in regulating immune responses and metabolic levels, so as to provide reference data for the further discovery of potential biomarkers.Methods:A longitudinal study was used to include 40 subjects who underwent SCIT with dust mite allergens in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between November 2017 and February 2022, including 20 subjects each of single mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SM-SCIT) and double mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (DM-SCIT). In this study, levels of dust mite allergen-specific antibodies and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism were measured before and 12 months after treatment, while pulmonary function tests were performed. The therapeutic effects of the patients were followed up by visual analogue scale (VAS), asthma control test (ACT) and total medication scores (TMS). The results were statistically analyzed using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results:After 12 months of treatment with SCIT, both groups showed a significant decrease in total VAS score (SM-SCIT: Z=-2.298, P<0.05; DM-SCIT: Z=-3.411, P<0.001); total ACT score (SM-SCIT: Z=-2.054, P<0.05; DM-SCIT: Z=-2.014, P<0.05) and total medication scores (SM-SCIT: Z=-3.799, P<0.000 1; DM-SCIT: Z=-3.474, P<0.001) were significantly higher, in addition to significantly higher MMEF75/25 values in the DM-SCIT group ( t=-2.253, P<0.05). There was no significant change in sIgE in the SM-SCIT group ( P>0.05), and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 2, and p 21 fractions were significantly elevated ( Z=-2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, and -3.285, respectively, all P<0.05); The sIgE of Der p 2, f 2, p 7 and p 23 fractions( Z=-2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, -3.285, all P<0.05) and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 1, f 2, p 10, p 21 and p 23 fractions ( Z=-3.808, -3.845, -3.061, -2.688, -2.464, -3.211, -2.371, -2.091, -2.427, all P<0.05) of the DM-SCIT group were significantly elevated. Metabolomics analysis showed that arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were significantly elevated at the beginning of the treatment period after SM-SCIT treatment ( Z of -2.191, -2.497, -1.988, -2.090, -2.19, -2.803, -2.073, all P<0.05); 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid showed elevated and alpha-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were significantly decreased in the DM-SCIT group after treatment ( Z=-1.988, -2.090, -2.497, -1.988, respectively, all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that arachidonic acid was significantly negatively correlated with changes in dust mite-specific IgG4 ( r=-0.499, P<0.05), and that alpha-linolenic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were positively correlated with the ΔsIgG4 of the dust mite der p 2 ( r=0.451, 0.420, 0.474, respectively; all P<0.05). Conclusion:Significant changes in allergen-specific antibody levels and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism levels occur during SCIT, and the two may interact and influence each other.