The Warburg effect, originally discovered by Otto Warburg, refers to the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells from aerobic oxidation to glycolysis, enabling rapid energy production to support their growth and metastasis. This process is accompanied by the massive production and accumulation of lactate both intracellularly and extracellularly. The resulting acidic microenvironment impairs the normal physiological functions of immune cells and promotes tumor progression. An increasing number of studies indicate that lactate, a key metabolite in the tumor microenvironment (TME), acts as a pivotal immunosuppressive signaling molecule that modulates immune cell function. This review aims to comprehensively examine lactate's role as an immunosuppressive molecule in TME. It focuses on mechanisms such as membrane receptor binding, functional reshaping of immune cells via lactate shuttle transport, epigenetic regulation of gene expression through histone lactylation, and modulation of protein structure and function through nonhistone lactylation, emphasizing lactate's importance in immune regulation within the TME. Ultimately, this review offers novel insights into immunosuppressive therapies aimed at targeting lactate function.
Humans ; Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; Lactic Acid/immunology* ; Warburg Effect, Oncologic ; Animals ; Glycolysis ; Epigenesis, Genetic

Objective:To improve the level of detection method and quality control at different transplant centers in China and comprehensively analyze the data of tacrolimus(Tac)detection in multiple transplant centers and provide data supports.Methods:Low, medium and high concentration commercial quality control products in triplicate samples were delivered to 34 domestic organ transplantation centers and testing repeated for 2~3 times during different time periods. The detection results of 240 quality control samples were summarized. The methods, accuracy and stability of Tac detection results were analyzed.Results:In international standard laboratories, mean±standard deviation(SD)of Tac detection results of low/medium/high concentration commercial quality control products was(4.70±0.325), (8.46±0.548)and(13.50±0.966)respectively. Here the results were (4.79±0.605), (8.49±0.948)and(13.99±1.604)respectively. In contrast, SD and degree of variation of international standard data were smaller, indicating that the accuracy and stability of international standard laboratories in detecting Tac were higher. SD of Tac concentrations detected by international standard laboratory for low/medium/high concentrations was approximately 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 respectively, i.e.International first-class level. Here SD was approximately 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 respectively, i.e. Chinese industry level.Conclusions:The "Chinese industry level" is recommended. Before using a new batch of "testing reagents" , "standard control samples" must be employed for calibrating the calculated curve. The calculated curve should be re-calibrated at least once per month. And clinicians should be consulted frequently.

The large amount of repeats, especially high copy repeats, in the genomes of higher animals and plants makes whole genome assembly (WGA) quite difficult. In order to solve this problem, we tried to identify repeats and mask them prior to assembly even at the stage of genome survey. It is known that repeats of different copy number have different probabilities of appearance in shotgun data, so based on this principle, we constructed a statistical model and inferred criteria for mathematically defined repeats (MDRs) at different shotgun coverages. According to these criteria, we developed software MDRmasker to identify and mask MDRs in shotgun data. With repeats masked prior to assembly, the speed of assembly was increased with lower error probability. In addition, clone-insert size affect the accuracy of repeat assembly and scaffold construction, we also designed length distribution of clone-inserts using our model. In our simulated genomes of human and rice, the length distribution of repeats is different, so their optimal length distributions of clone-inserts were not the same. Thus with optimal length distribution of clone-inserts, a given genome could be assembled better at lower coverage.
Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; methods ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Oryza ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA