Objective:To compare the importance of 11 common influencing factors for fall and fall-induced injury reported previously in the elderly.Methods:The data were collected from the follow-up of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) between 2011 and 2018. Binary logistic regression model and negative binomial regression model were used to test the significance of correlations between 11 factors and the incidence of fall and fall-induced injury during this period. The absolute value of the β^ was used to evaluate importance of 11 influencing factors. Results:This study included 9 279, 6 153, 4 142, 4 148, and 3 583 old persons. The cumulative incidence rates of fall in the 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, and 7 th years were 19.4% (95% CI: 18.6%-20.2%), 22.1% (95% CI: 21.0%-23.1%), 31.9% (95% CI: 30.4%-33.3%), 35.1% (95% CI: 33.6%-36.5%), and 43.2% (95% CI: 41.6%-44.8%), respectively. The cumulative incidence rates of fall-induced injury were 8.4% (95% CI: 7.8%-8.9%), 9.4% (95% CI: 8.7%-10.1%), 15.1% (95% CI: 14.0%-16.2%), 16.2% (95% CI: 15.1%-17.3%), and 22.0% (95% CI: 20.6%-23.3%). The results of multivariate logistic regression and negative binomial regression analyses showed that in the 11 factors, only gender, history of fall, and depressive symptoms were identified as common risk factors for fall and fall-induced injury in the elderly in all the follow up visits (all P<0.05); the history of fall had the highest absolute value of β^ in all models, while gender ranked second except for the 5-year fall-induced injury model. Conclusions:Of the 11 influencing factors for fall and fall-induced injury reported by previous literature, only gender, history of falls, and depressive symptoms were identified as common risk factors for fall and fall-induced injury in the eldely in the 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, and 7 th years follow-up visits. History of fall and gender were important influencing factors for fall and fall-induced injury in the elderly.

The universal health coverage agenda promotes population health and social equity and is a priority for the WHO and governments worldwide. This article outlines the basic concept, development, content, monitoring indicators, global progress, and challenges of the universal health coverage agenda. After over half a century of development, a global consensus has been reached on the definition and content of the universal health coverage agenda which emphasizes coverage proportion of the population, content of healthcare services, and economic protection measures. The implementation principle of the agenda for universal health coverage is to prioritize providing healthcare services of high health benefits and social value to the entire population under resource constraints. However, the healthcare service recommendations and evaluation frameworks proposed by the WHO and other international organizations tend to favor low-income countries, neglecting services related to injury prevention and mental health, and therefore may not be suitable for all countries. The development across various dimensions of the agenda for universal health coverage is uneven, with low-income countries lagging. Progress in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and injuries is delayed. Low-income groups and vulnerable populations are at a disadvantage in accessing services and economic protection. It is suggested that a globally applicable set of standards, methods, and processes be used to identify high-priority healthcare services. Countries should gradually expand the scope of healthcare services and population coverage based on their needs and capabilities. Additionally, efforts should be made to increase investment in healthcare system resources and international collaboration to promote the development and technological advancement of healthcare systems in low-income countries. Furthermore, it is also necessary to build a high-quality primary healthcare service system and strengthen protection for vulnerable groups.

OBJECTIVES: During the epidemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), the wide spread of rumors caused significant public hazards. This study aims to understand the situation of discrimination for typical COVID-19 rumors by the public and related factors. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was carried out using Questionnaire Star. The contents included participants' gender, age, education level, the COVID-19 information sources, and the judgmental questions about 14 representative COVID-19 rumors. The discrimination rate and 95% confidence interval of 14 rumors were estimated, and the association of discrimination rate with gender, age, and education level was analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2 087 valid questionnaires were collected. The participants were mainly female (62.7%) and below 35 years old (63.4%); the education level was predominantly college/bachelor's degree (47.3%) and master's degree or above (39.1%); the participants, who accessed to COVID-19 information included internet media, accounted for 91%. The participants with different gender, age, and education level had significant differences in the distribution of COVID-19 information sources (all P<0.01). The participants' discrimination rate for 14 rumors ranged from 67.4% to 98.6%, with 4 rumors less than 80%. Women's discrimination rate of 9 rumors was significantly higher than men's (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the discrimination rate of rumors among the different age groups (all P>0.05), but the differences in the discrimination rate of other rumors among the different age groups varied according to the rumor. Compared to those with high school or less education levels, the discrimination rates were also higher in the respondents with high education levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A few publics are still unable to identify typical rumors during the COVID-19 epidemic. There are associations among genders, age, and the education levels with the discrimination of some rumors. The government authorities should strengthen the true information regarding COVID-19, and therefore enhance the public's ability to identify rumors.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Epidemics ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy and influential factors for hypertension prevalence based on questionnaire interview by on-site measurement. METHODS: Data were from the baseline surveys for chronic diseases among residents ages ≥18 years old in 4 districts/counties of Changsha between 2013 and 2014. All surveys adopted multi-stage random sampling to select samples. The Bootstrap resampling method was used to randomly select 1 000 repeated samples with replacement to obtain robust estimate of subgroup prevalence rates. Hypertension prevalence was calculated by using the data from both questionnaire interview and on-site measurement. Using the results of on-site measurement as the golden standard, the accuracy of questionnaire interview and 95% uncertainty interval were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the influential factors for the underestimated hypotension prevalence based on questionnaire interview. RESULTS: The hypertension prevalence from on-site measurement among the residents in the 4 districts/counties of Changsha was significantly higher than that from questionnaire interview (prevalence ratio: 1.26-2.31). Taking the results of on-site measurement as the golden standard, the sensitivity of questionnaire interview on hypotension prevalence range from 41.76% to 74.83% among the 4 districts/counties, and the specificity fell between 98.51% and 99.46%. The underestimation in questionnaire interview was more likely to occur in the youngest age group (18-34 years old), males, and residents were at lower levels of education in all 4 districts/counties. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the on-site measurement, questionnaire interview significantly under-estimate the hypertension prevalence, suggesting that the on-site measurement method should be firstly considered in epidemiological surveys for hypertension prevalence. If only the questionnaire method can be used to collect data due to conditions, it is necessary to make corresponding corrections to the questionnaire results with reference to relevant research evidence.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

Objective: To summarize the progress of injury cohort studies over the world. Methods: Relevant information of injury cohort publications published before December 2017 were retrieved from PubMed, WanFang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, consisting of the starting year, category of injury, study population, sample size, countries, follow-up duration, main exposure variables, outcome variables and method of data collection, and statistical methods. Results: A total of 295 studies were included in the analysis. The overall number of injury cohort studies increased with a peak in 2000, and then decreased. The top three countries that most frequently published cohort studies were the United States (52), Sweden (46) and the United Kingdom (37). A total of 29 published injury cohorts were identified in China, about 3, 23 and 3 cohort studies from the mainland of China, Taiwan Province, and Hong Kong Specific Administrative Region, respectively. The majority of cohort studies involved a single injury cause (93.6%); the most common injury causes included suicide/self-harm (46.1%), falls (17.3%) and road traffic injuries (14.6%). For the published cohort studies, exposure variables and outcome events varied with injury causes, primarily being collected through data registration system, national survey data, questionnaire survey, telephone interviews, and other means. Conclusion A number of injury cohorts have been established worldwide, and few in the mainland of China. The existed cohort studies could offer important references for the design of large-scale, multi-center and high-quality injury cohort in China in the future.

Along with the significant development on both theory and practice of health promotion programs, the application of behavioral and social science theories has also been advanced in the fields of design and evaluation regarding the intervention-related studies. Intervention mapping is a new planning protocol, efficiently used to develop, implement, and evaluate health promotion related intervention programs. In this article, we are briefly introducing the basic concepts, implementation steps, specific requirements, as well as reviewing the current progress in methodologies, application that are related to intervention mapping, so as to provide reference for health intervention research studies, domestically.

To examine differences in burden of disease among people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different developmental levels from 1990 to 2016. 
 Methods: The sociodemographic index (SDI) of global burden of disease (GBD) was used to divide 195 countries into five developmental levels: high, high middle, middle, low middle and low. The results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2016 (GBD 2016) were extracted to examine disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and the health loss from the top 10 diseases and risk factors among the people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different SDIs. 
 Results: Between 1990 and 2016, the age-standardized DALY rate among people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different SDIs all showed a downward trend. Different decreases in DALY rate in over-seventy old people were observed across countries with different SDI levels: -23.9% in high SDI, -21.3% in high-middle SDI, -23.4% in middle SDI, -18.8% in low-middle SDI and -16.3% in low SDI. In 1990, the age-standardized DALY rate among people aged ≥70 years old in low and low middle SDI countries was 1.67 and 1.49 times of that in high SDI countries; and the gaps rose to 1.83 and 1.59 times in 2016. The DALY rate of the aged people remained remarkably higher in low middle and low SDI countries in 2016, and the gap widened compared with that in 1990. The reduction of age-standardized DALY rate was mainly due to the decrease of years of life lost (YLL). In 2016, low SDI and low-middle SDI countries suffered much higher burden of disease from infectious diseases and chronic non-communicable diseases. Analysis of leading causes and risk factors of DALY showed significant disparities across different SDI countries; burden of disease caused by environmental pollution and adverse health conditions was much higher in the low SDI and lower-middle SDI countries than that in the other countries.
 Conclusion: During 1990-2016, the burden of disease in countries of all 5 SDI levels declined. But the reductions in the developing countries were less than those in the developed countries, widening health disparities for the elderly between low and high SDI countries. International organizations and individual governments should take measures to narrow health gaps among old adults across countries with different developmental levels.
Aged ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Global Health ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

Objective To summarize the progress of injury cohort studies over the world. Methods Relevant information of injury cohort publications published before December 2017 were retrieved from PubMed, WanFang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, consisting of the starting year, category of injury, study population, sample size, countries, follow?up duration, main exposure variables, outcome variables and method of data collection, and statistical methods. Results A total of 295 studies were included in the analysis. The overall number of injury cohort studies increased with a peak in 2000, and then decreased. The top three countries that most frequently published cohort studies were the United States (52), Sweden (46) and the United Kingdom (37). A total of 29 published injury cohorts were identified in China, about 3, 23 and 3 cohort studies from the mainland of China, Taiwan Province, and Hong Kong Specific Administrative Region, respectively. The majority of cohort studies involved a single injury cause (93.6%); the most common injury causes included suicide/self?harm (46.1%), falls (17.3%) and road traffic injuries (14.6%). For the published cohort studies, exposure variables and outcome events varied with injury causes, primarily being collected through data registration system, national survey data, questionnaire survey, telephone interviews, and other means. Conclusion A number of injury cohorts have been established worldwide, and few in the mainland of China. The existed cohort studies could offer important references for the design of large?scale, multi?center and high?quality injury cohort in China in the future.

Objective To summarize the progress of injury cohort studies over the world. Methods Relevant information of injury cohort publications published before December 2017 were retrieved from PubMed, WanFang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, consisting of the starting year, category of injury, study population, sample size, countries, follow?up duration, main exposure variables, outcome variables and method of data collection, and statistical methods. Results A total of 295 studies were included in the analysis. The overall number of injury cohort studies increased with a peak in 2000, and then decreased. The top three countries that most frequently published cohort studies were the United States (52), Sweden (46) and the United Kingdom (37). A total of 29 published injury cohorts were identified in China, about 3, 23 and 3 cohort studies from the mainland of China, Taiwan Province, and Hong Kong Specific Administrative Region, respectively. The majority of cohort studies involved a single injury cause (93.6%); the most common injury causes included suicide/self?harm (46.1%), falls (17.3%) and road traffic injuries (14.6%). For the published cohort studies, exposure variables and outcome events varied with injury causes, primarily being collected through data registration system, national survey data, questionnaire survey, telephone interviews, and other means. Conclusion A number of injury cohorts have been established worldwide, and few in the mainland of China. The existed cohort studies could offer important references for the design of large?scale, multi?center and high?quality injury cohort in China in the future.

Objective:To investigate the insured and uninsured status of medical insurance among residents in Hunan province and the influential factors for uninsured status.Methods:A stratified,muti-stage,cluster sampling was used to select 7 rural counties and 7 urban districts from 122 counties/districts.In each selected county/district,5 towns were chosen at random.2 villages (or communities) were further selected in each given town randomly.At last,households were selected from sample villages (or communities) using systematic sampling and all members of selected households were surveyed through face-to-face interview.Complex sampling weights were considered to estimate the coverage rate of medical insurance and 95％ confidence interval.We used logistic regression to identify significant factors for not purchase insurance.Results:The overall coverage rate of medical insurance was 95.76％(95％ CI 93.04％ to 98.49％) in Hunan residents,and 4.24％ (95％ CI 1.51％ to 6.96％) of surveyed residents did not participate in any medical insurance program.Particularly,the proportion of residents not participating in any medical insurance program approached 10.17％ among urban residents under 18 years.Age,household income per capita,without chronic disease,were found being associated with uninsured status of medical insurance.Conclusion:To achieve the goal of universal health coverage by 2020,social medical insurance department should take measures to raise the coverage rate of medical insurance among residents.