Autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is a chronic inflammatory liver disease. The pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear， but it is mainly autoimmune injury caused by the breakdown of autoimmune tolerance due to the abnormal activation of the immune system， while the specific molecular mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies have shown that abnormal amino acid metabolism plays an important role in the development and progression of AIH. This article reviews the research advances in amino acid metabolic reprogramming in AIH， in order to provide a theoretical basis for amino acid metabolism as a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIH.

Objective: To explore the relationship between beverage dependence and sleep quality among college students, providing empirical evidence for improving their sleep quality. Methods: From December 2024 to January 2025, a convenience sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 3 974 college students from four universities in Anhui Province. The Beverage Addiction Scale for College Students (BASCS) was used to assess beverage dependence, and the Self rating Scale of Sleep(SRSS) was used to evaluate sleep quality. A multivariate Logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between beverage dependence and sleep quality, and a restricted cubic spline model was used to examine the dose response relationship between the two. Results: The positive rate of beverage dependence symptoms among college students was 7.6%, with positive rates of 9.6%, 13.8%, and 7.4% for the withdrawal symptoms, health effects, and dependence symptoms dimensions, respectively. The detection rate of sleep disorders was 23.6%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for covariates such as grade, gender, and body mass index, compared with the no beverage dependence group, students with positive beverage dependence symptoms had a higher risk of sleep disorders( OR =3.71, 95% CI =2.87-4.80, P <0.01). The OR (95% CI ) for sleep disorders among students with positive symptoms in the withdrawal symptoms, health effects, and dependence symptoms dimensions were 2.80(2.22-3.53), 2.38(1.95-2.91), and 2.45(1.89-3.18)(all P <0.01). Further analysis using a restricted cubic spline model revealed that the overall beverage dependence score and its three dimensional scores were approximately linearly related to the risk of sleep disorders among college students (all nonlinear P >0.05). Conclusions Beverage dependence is associated with sleep quality among college students. Schools should take multiple approaches, such as health education on beverage awareness, to improve students sleep quality.

Objective To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of a spray prepared from exosomes derived from M2 macrophages induced by interleukin-4 （IL-4） and tantalum particles （Ta） on the healing of pressure ulcers. Methods Bone marrow-derived macrophages were polarized into M2 macrophages using IL-4 or Ta, and exosomes （Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta） were extracted. The regulatory effects of Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta on M1 macrophage phenotypes and fibroblast matrix secretion were evaluated in vitro. Proteomic analysis was conducted to explore the biological processes and regulatory networks associated with Exo-Ta. A rat pressure ulcer model was used to assess the effects of Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta spray on wound healing rate, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen deposition. Results In vitro, Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta induced the polarization of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory substances. Additionally, Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta enhanced the production of collagen and fibronectin in fibroblasts. Proteomic analysis revealed that Exo-Ta primarily participated in biological processes such as energy metabolism and macromolecule biosynthesis. In vivo, Exo-IL-4/Exo-Ta spray accelerated wound healing, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and improved tissue remodeling in the rat pressure ulcer model. Conclusion Exosome sprays derived from M2 macrophages could accelerate pressure ulcer healing by modulating inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration, which demonstrated excellent clinical application potential.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, shows great promise in treating methamphetamine (METH) addiction. Nonetheless, the molecular target and the mechanism through which CBD treats METH addiction remain unexplored. Herein, CBD was shown to counteract METH-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Additionally, CBD mitigated the adverse effects of METH, such as cristae loss, a decline in ATP content, and a reduction in membrane potential. Employing an activity-based protein profiling approach, a target fishing strategy was used to uncover CBD's direct target. ATP5A1, a subunit of ATP synthase, was identified and validated as a CBD target. Moreover, CBD demonstrated the ability to ameliorate METH-induced ubiquitination of ATP5A1 via the D376 residue, thereby reversing the METH-induced reduction of ATP5A1 and promoting the assembly of ATP synthase. Pharmacological inhibition of the ATP efflux channel pannexin 1, blockade of ATP hydrolysis by a CD39 inhibitor, and blocking the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) all attenuated the therapeutic benefits of CBD in mitigating METH-induced behavioral sensitization and CPP. Moreover, the RNA interference of ATP5A1 in the ventral tegmental area resulted in the reversal of CBD's therapeutic efficacy against METH addiction. Collectively, these data show that ATP5A1 is a target for CBD to inhibit METH-induced addiction behaviors through the ADO-A1R signaling pathway.

Acute high altitude disease (AHAD) is a general term for a series of clinical reactions that occur when the body fails to adapt to the low-pressure hypoxic environment of high altitudes. Mild cases can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, while more severe cases can lead to life-threatening conditions such as pulmonary edema, cerebral edema and other critical conditions that can be fatal. With the increasing demand for high altitudes deployment, understanding the common preventive measures of AHAD can reduce its morbidity or mortality to a certain extent, which is of great benefit to those who reside temporarily at high altitudes. In recent years, as people's health awareness has improved, there has been a growing attention towards non-pharmacological methods of disease prevention. At the same time, non-pharmacological therapy has significant therapeutic effects in preventing and treating high-altitude diseases, which has attracted the attention of researchers in this field. This review summarizes the major non-pharmacological preventive components of modern medicine and outlines the current non-pharmacological approaches to AHAD from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, intending to serve clinical purposes and improve the onset and prognosis of AHAD.

Objective To explore the application efficacy and safety of oblique ultrasound-guided techniques in PICC puncture,in order to provide guidance and references for clinical application.Methods Through convenient sampling,654 patients from a tertiary A hospital in Zhejiang Province from March to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects.The random numbers were generated through Excel table functions and they were randomly grouped into 3 groups:A,B,and C.The ultrasound short axis method,long axis method,and oblique axis method were employed to guide PICC puncture catheterization,respectively.The success rate of PICC puncture,the number of subcutaneous adjustments of the puncture needle,puncture time,and the occurrence of puncture complications(such as hematoma,puncture of the posterior wall of blood vessels,accidental injury to arteries,and accidental injury to nerves)were recorded during the catheterization process in 3 groups.Results A total of 654 patients completed the study,including 215 in group A,219 in group B,and 220 in group C.The success rate of first-time puncture in the group C(86.36％)was higher than that in group A(73.95％)and group B(63.93％),and there was a statistically significant difference among 3 groups(P＜0.001).The subcutaneous adjustment frequency of the puncture needle was 1(1,1)in group C,1(1,2)in group A,and 1(1,2)in group B.The difference between 3 groups was statistically significant(P＜0.001);the puncture time of group C was shorter than that of group A and group B,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).There was a statistically significant difference in the puncture time between 3 groups(P＜0.017);the pairwise comparison of the number of subcutaneous needle adjustments and the success rate of a puncture between 3 groups showed that there was a statistical difference between group C and group A,and between group C and group B(P＜0.017),while there was no statistical difference between group A and group B(P＞0.017).There was statistical significance(P＜0.05)among 3 groups in terms of complications such as accidental nerve injury and puncture of the contralateral vascular wall by puncture needle,but there was no statistical significance in terms of accidental arterial injury and hematoma occurrence among 3 groups.Conclusion Compared with the short axis approach and the long axis approach,the ultrasound oblique axis approach guided PICC puncture has statistical differences in the success rate of a puncture and the incidence of puncture complications,etc.It is recommended to use the ultrasound oblique axis approach during PICC puncture.

Objective:To compare the effects of different test meals on postprandial triglycerides and to optimize the standard meal composition and the blood sampling protocol for the oral fat tolerance test.Methods:This study is a prospective, open-label, randomized, cross-over trial. In March 2023, 36 volunteers were recruited in Hebei General Hospital. They underwent a health examination and oral glucose tolerance test. Twenty-six healthy volunteers(11 males and 15 females) were included in this study, with an average age of(39.08±4.56) years. Each volunteer received 75 g protein meal, 75 g fat meal, 700 kcal fixed-calorie high-fat mixed meal, and a high-fat mixed meal with energy adjusted based on 10 kcal/kg body weight. A one-week washout period of regular diet was applied before each trial. Blood was collected at fasting status and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after a meal to detect serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), glucose, and insulin. The variations of postprandial metabolic indicators over time following the consumption of different test meals were analyzed. The disparities in postprandial metabolic responses between the two types of mixed meals were compared.Results:The protein meal, fat meal, fixed-calorie high-fat mixed meal, and adjusted-calorie high-fat mixed meal resulted in postprandial triglyceride increases of 22.45%, 115.40%, 77.14%, and 63.63%, and insulin increase of 560.43%, 85.69%, 554.18%, and 598.97%, respectively, and with reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C ranging from 5.64%-21.81%, respectively. The blood glucose changed slightly. Changes in metabolic indicators mainly occured within 4 hours. The comparison of the characteristics of postprandial triglycerides between the two high-fat mixed meals showed no statistically significant differences( P>0.05). Conclusion:A standardize protocol with a 700 kcal fixed-calorie high-fat mixed meal as test meal, and blood lipid levels measured at fasting and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after consumption, can serve as an optimized approach for oral fat tolerance test.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of neutrophil CD64(nCD64)index as a novel biomark-er in the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis.Methods A total of 38 patients with acute bru-cellosis and 48 patients with chronic brucellosis diagnosed in the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autono-mous Region from February 2021 to July 2023 were included.Peripheral blood of the patients was collected and nCD64 index was detected by flow cytometry,and the correlation between nCD64 index and disease severi-ty was analyzed.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the sensitivity and the specificity of nCD64 index in differentially diagnosing acute and chronic brucellosis.Meanwhile,Rose-Bengal Plate Test(RBPT)and Standard Tube Agglutination Test(SAT)were used as controls to evaluate the clini-cal diagnostic value of the three.Results The nCD64 index of acute brucellosis patients was higher than that of chronic brucellosis patients(U=216.00,P<0.001),and the index was positively correlated with the sever-ity of the disease(r=0.670,P<0.001).The ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve of nCD64 index in the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis was 0.882(95%CI:0.811-0.952,P<0.001),the cut-off value was 2.81,and sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy were 83.3%,81.6%,80.4%,81.9%and 82.6%,respectively.The efficacy of nCD64 index in differential diagnosis of nCD64 index was significantly better than those of the qualitative tests of RBPT and SAT.Conclusion nCD64 index has favourable sensitivity and specificity in the differential diag-nosis of acute and chronic brucellosis,and tends to reflect the severity of the disease.It has clinical value in the differential diagnosis of acute brucellosis and chronic brucellosis,and plays an important role in the early diag-nosis and treatment effect monitoring of brucellosis.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of changes in interleukin(IL)-33 and regulatory T(Treg)cells in brucellosis,to verify the regulatory effect of IL-33 on Treg cells,so as to clarify the immune mechanism of IL-33 on Treg cells in brucellosis.Methods The peripheral blood of 39 patients with brucellosis treated in the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January to December 2021(the brucellosis group)and 42 healthy controls(the healthy control group)who underwent physical examination during the same period were collected.The serum IL-33 level was detected by AimPlex kit,and the proportion of Treg cells was detected by flow cytometry.Peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)was extracted and cultured in vitro to observe the proportion and mRNA expression levels of forkhead box protein P3(Foxp3)after stimulation and blocking of IL-33.Results Compared with the healthy control group,the level of IL-33 and the proportion of Treg cells in brucellosis group were significantly increased,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).In vitro tests showed that the Foxp3 proportion and mRNA expression level of PBMC in the two groups were significantly increased after IL-33 stimulation,and significantly decreased after IL-33 blocking,with statistical significance(P＜0.001).Conclusion IL-33 and Treg cells increased significantly in brucellosis patients,and IL-33 promoted the immune function of Treg cells.Blocking IL-33 is expected to be a potential target for immunotherapy of brucellosis.

Diabetes mellitus(DM)stands as a chronic metabolic ailment predominantly characterized by elevated blood glucose lev-els,stemming from either a resistance to insulin or aberrations in insulin secretion.The ensuing persistent hyperglycemia,a direct con-sequence of pancreatic β-cell devastation,acts as a catalyst for a myriad of complications,inclusive of extensive neuropathies.The dis-ease has substantial prevalence and mortality rates,underscoring the gravity of its impact on public health.Dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)are readily obtainable,and they exhibit a profound capacity for self-renewal,multi-lineage differentiation,and vigorous pro-liferation.Remarkably,DPSCs can differentiate into pancreatic β-cells,subsequently participate in insulin secretion and play a pivotal role in immune modulation.This has achieved notable advancements in the therapeutic domain,particularly in the treatment of chronic diseases.Furthermore,DPSCs harbor the potential to mitigate symptoms in patients afflicted with type 1 diabetes.They navigate this therapeutic pathway through mechanisms that involve suppressing autoimmunity,modulating inflammatory responses,and counteracting oxidative stress.This article meticulously reviews the biological characteristics inherent to DPSCs and explores their multifaceted thera-peutic potential in addressing DM and its associated complications.Through this endeavor,the article aims to contribute to the refine-ment and enhancement of DM management strategies.