This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

BACKGROUND:Fasudil has a regulatory effect on mitochondrial dynamics in the brain of Alzheimer's disease mice and can inhibit neuroinflammation,but whether it can reduce the toxicity of β-amyloid protein by regulating mitophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the regulatory effect of fasudil on β-amyloid 1-42-induced apoptosis and mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in human derived neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y cells.METHODS:SH-SY5Y cells were inoculated into the pore plate.After adhesion,cells were divided into three groups for intervention:No drug was added to the control group;20 μmol/L β-amyloid 1-42 was added to the model group,and 20 μmol/L β-amyloid 1-42 and 15 mg/L fasudil were added to the fasudil group at the same time.After 24 hours of intervention,the cell activity was detected by MTT assay and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot assay.The expression of mitochondrial autophagy related proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay.The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome related proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with control group,the cell activity of the model group was decreased and the apoptosis rate was increased(P<0.05).Compared with model group,cell activity in the fasudil group was increased and apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.05).(2)The results of qRT-PCR and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expression of Bax mRNA and protein was increased in the model group(P<0.05),while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the expression of Bax mRNA and protein was decreased(P<0.05),and the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was increased(P<0.05)in the fasudil group.(3)The results of immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expressions of PINK1,Parkinson's disease protein and LC3 protein were decreased(P<0.05),while the expression of p62 protein was increased(P<0.05)in the model group.Compared with model group,the expression levels of PINK1,Parkinson's disease protein,and LC3 protein were increased(P<0.05),while the expression of p62 protein was decreased(P<0.05)in the fasudil group.(4)The results of immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,and interleukin1β protein were increased in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,and interleukin1β were decreased in the fasudil group(P<0.05).(5)The results show that fasudil can reduce the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells induced by β-amyloid 1-42,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of mitophagy and the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Changes in lifestyle,such as increasing exercise,are key factors affecting the health and quality of life in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).Exercise can effectively improve the physical health of these patients and is the cornerstone of the treatment of MAFLD.However,different types,intensities,durations,and frequencies of exercise have a varying degree of influence on MAFLD.This article summarizes the effect and influence of different exercise prescriptions on these patients,which helps the medical staff to develop individualized exercise regimens and encourage them to actively participate in exercise,thereby providing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Changes in lifestyle,such as increasing exercise,are key factors affecting the health and quality of life in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).Exercise can effectively improve the physical health of these patients and is the cornerstone of the treatment of MAFLD.However,different types,intensities,durations,and frequencies of exercise have a varying degree of influence on MAFLD.This article summarizes the effect and influence of different exercise prescriptions on these patients,which helps the medical staff to develop individualized exercise regimens and encourage them to actively participate in exercise,thereby providing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

BACKGROUND:Fasudil has a regulatory effect on mitochondrial dynamics in the brain of Alzheimer's disease mice and can inhibit neuroinflammation,but whether it can reduce the toxicity of β-amyloid protein by regulating mitophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the regulatory effect of fasudil on β-amyloid 1-42-induced apoptosis and mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in human derived neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y cells.METHODS:SH-SY5Y cells were inoculated into the pore plate.After adhesion,cells were divided into three groups for intervention:No drug was added to the control group;20 μmol/L β-amyloid 1-42 was added to the model group,and 20 μmol/L β-amyloid 1-42 and 15 mg/L fasudil were added to the fasudil group at the same time.After 24 hours of intervention,the cell activity was detected by MTT assay and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot assay.The expression of mitochondrial autophagy related proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay.The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome related proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with control group,the cell activity of the model group was decreased and the apoptosis rate was increased(P<0.05).Compared with model group,cell activity in the fasudil group was increased and apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.05).(2)The results of qRT-PCR and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expression of Bax mRNA and protein was increased in the model group(P<0.05),while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the expression of Bax mRNA and protein was decreased(P<0.05),and the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was increased(P<0.05)in the fasudil group.(3)The results of immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expressions of PINK1,Parkinson's disease protein and LC3 protein were decreased(P<0.05),while the expression of p62 protein was increased(P<0.05)in the model group.Compared with model group,the expression levels of PINK1,Parkinson's disease protein,and LC3 protein were increased(P<0.05),while the expression of p62 protein was decreased(P<0.05)in the fasudil group.(4)The results of immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,and interleukin1β protein were increased in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,and interleukin1β were decreased in the fasudil group(P<0.05).(5)The results show that fasudil can reduce the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells induced by β-amyloid 1-42,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of mitophagy and the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis based on B-mode ultrasonographic images and clinical laboratory indicators. Methods Ultrasound images and clinical laboratory testing data were captured from schistosomiasis patients admitted to the Second People’s Hospital of Duchang County, Jiangxi Province from 2018 to 2022. Patients with grade I schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 1, and patients with grade II and III schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 2. The machine learning binary classification tasks were created based on patients’radiomics and clinical laboratory data from 2018 to 2021 as the training set, and patients’radiomics and clinical laboratory data in 2022 as the validation set. The features of ultrasonographic images were labeled with the ITK-SNAP software, and the features of ultrasonographic images were extracted using the Python 3.7 package and PyRadiomics toolkit. The difference in the features of ultrasonographic images was compared between groups with t test or Mann-Whitney U test, and the key imaging features were selected with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. Four machine learning models were created using the Scikit-learn repository, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The optimal machine learning model was screened with the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and features with the greatest contributions to the differentiation features of ultrasound images in machine learning models with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Results The ultrasonographic imaging data and clinical laboratory testing data from 491 schistosomiasis patients from 2019 to 2022 were included in the study, and a total of 851 radiomics features and 54 clinical laboratory indicators were captured. Following statistical tests (t = −5.98 to 4.80, U = 6 550 to 20 994, all P values < 0.05) and screening of key features with LASSO regression, 44 features or indicators were included for the subsequent modeling. The areas under ROC curve (AUCs) were 0.763 and 0.611 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on clinical laboratory indicators, 0.951 and 0.892 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on radiomics, and 0.960 and 0.913 for the training and validation sets of the multimodal SVM model. The 10 greatest contributing features or indicators in machine learning models included 2 clinical laboratory indicators and 8 radiomics features. Conclusions The multimodal machine learning models created based on ultrasound-based radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators are feasible for intelligent identification of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis, and are effective to improve the classification effect of one-class data models.

Objective To investigate the effect of prostaglandin family(PGs)on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods HepG2 cells,a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line,were used as the research subject.The experiment was set up as a control group(Ctrl),fatty change group(FFA),prostaglandin B2(PGB2,10 μg/mL)treatment group,15-keto-prostaglandin E2(15-keto-PGE2,10 μg/mL)treatment group,and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a(8-iso-PGF2α,10 μg/mL)treatment group.Cell activity was determined by the thiazolyl blue(MTT)assay and lipid deposition was detected by the oil red O staining.The expression levels of inflammatory factors and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrates(p-IRS)were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)and Western blot,respectively.In addition,15 SPF-grade male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a basic group(CD group,n=5,fed with 10％low-fat forage for 16 weeks),high-fat group(HFD group,n=5,fed with 60％high-fat forage for 16 weeks to model NAFLD),and PGB2 group(n=5,given 20 μg/kg PGB2 daily by tail vein injection for 2 weeks after 16 weeks of 60％high-fat diet feeding).The glucose tolerance level of the mice was detected by the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test(IPGTT)and the degree of hepatic steatosis was determined by HE staining.Results Oil red O staining showed that PGs had no sig-nificant effect on the lipid deposition of NAFLD,but PGs were able to alleviate the inflammation associated with NAFLD.qRT-PCR re-sults showed that compared with the Ctrl group,the levels of IL-1β in the FFA group increased by 2.274±0.550 times(P=0.002 8),while under the action of 50 μg/mL PGB2,10 μg/mL 15-keto-PGE2 and 10 μg/mL 8-iso-PGF2α,the levels of IL-1β decreased to 0.720±0.036 times(P=0.003 1),0.857±0.225 times(P=0.006 4),and 1.767±0.725 times(P=0.029 7),respectively.Western blot results showed that after PGs treatment,the expression level of p-IRS protein was increased.The body weights of mice in the CD group,HFD group and PGB2 group were(28.560±2.028)g,(49.300±0.667)g,and(40.840±4.043)g,respectively,with statisti-cally significant differences between the groups(P=0.001 7).Moreover,the glucose tolerance results in the PGB2 group were better than those in the HFD group.HE staining results showed compared with the HFD group,the degree of hepatic steatosis in the PGB2 group was reduced.Conclusion PGB2,15-keto-PGE2,and 8-iso-PGF2α in the prostaglandin family can alleviate the occurrence and development of NAFLD by alleviating IL-1β-mediated inflammation,upregulating the expression of p-IRS,promoting the transmission of insulin signaling,and attenuating insulin resistance.

Objective:To explore mechanism of Fasudil reducing Aβ1-42 induced BV2 cell injury based on NLRP3 inflamma-some.Methods:BV2 cells were divided into:normal control group,Aβ stimulation group,Aβ+Fasudil intervention group,Aβ+MCC950(NLRP3 inhibitor)intervention group.Cell morphology was observed under microscope.Cell activity was determined of by CCK8.NO release was measured by Griess.NLRP3,caspase 1 and IL-18 expressions were detected by immunofluorescence staining.NLRP3,ASC,caspase 1,IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with normal control group,BV2 cells in Aβ stimulation group were activated and showed amoeba-like shape,cell activity was decreased,NO production was increased,NLRP3,ASC,caspase 1,IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were increased.Fasudil intervention and MCC950 intervention inhibited cell injury induced by Aβ1-42 in which BV2 cell morphology tended to be normal,cell activity was increased,while produc-tion of NO was reduced,and NLRP3,ASC,caspase 1,IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were down-regulated,there was no significant difference between Fasudil intervention group and MCC950 intervention group.Conclusion:Fasudil may alleviate Aβ1-42 induced BV2 cell injury and inflammatory reaction by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.