The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD)is complex and unclear.Existing drugs can only alleviate its symp-toms,and there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic drugs.As the representative drugs of tonic and enlightening medicine,ginseng and acorus calamus have pharmacological effects to improve memory,improve learning ability and reduce cognitive impairment,which are commonly used in Chinese med-icine for the treatment of dementia.The combination of ginseng and acorus calamus can further promote the active ingredients in-to brain to exert their medicinal effects,and delay the process of AD through anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative stress,modulation of neuronal-synaptic plasticity and other multiple pathways,with multi-level,multi-system and multi-target action characteristics.This paper attempts to summarize the existing research results and lay the foundation for further exploring the synergistic mech-anism of action of ginseng-acorus calamus combination and the dose-effect relationship of the combination,so as to provide a sci-entific basis for the development of innovative Chinese medicines for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Aim To determine whether the micro kinetic chro-mogenic method can meet the requirements of Chinese Pharma-copoeia,as a supplement to the existing bacterial endotoxin test method.Methods Using micro kinetic chromogenic horseshoe crab reagent,the sample volume per well was 25 μL,the detec-tion wavelength was 405 nm,the preset OD value was 0.05,and the detection was carried out by half-well enzyme plate.In accordance with the provisions of"9101 Guiding Principles for Validation of Drug Quality Analysis Methods"in the fourth part of the 2020 edition of the People's Republic of China Pharmaco-poeia,the methodological verification of 7 items of specificity,accuracy,precision,limit of quantification,linearity,range and durability was carried out according to the specific requirements of the"quantitative"item in the"Determination of Impurities".The variety suitability study was conducted on 74 batches of samples from 48 drug varieties,and 143 batches of samples from 76 drug varieties(including 133 batches of negative samples and 10 batches of positive samples)were tested daily,and the re-sults were compared with the results of traditional color rendering method.Results The method of microdynamic color develop-ment met the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China for quantitative methods.The results of varie-tal applicability and consistency comparison showed that the mi-crodynamic color development method had better equivalence compared with the traditional color development method.Con-clusion The micro kinetic chromogenic method can be promo-ted as a supplementary alternative to the existing bacterial endo-toxin methods.

The purpose of this study was to identify the tick species native to Xindi Township,Yumin County,Xinjiang,China.Preliminary morphological identification of parasitic ticks collected from animals in the area was conducted with an ultra-depth of field three-dimensional VHX 600 digital stereo microscope.Total DNA of the ticks was extracted,amplified by PCR based on the COI and ITS2 gene loci,and the posi-tive PCR products were sequenced.The sequence were a-ligned with reference sequences from the NCBI database were aligned with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool.A genet-ic phylogenetic tree was generated with the neighbor-joining method of MEGA 7.0 software to determine the evolutionary biological characteristics of ticks.Morphological identification showed that the ticks collected from Xindi Township of Yu-min County were consistent with the characteristics of Hya-lomma asiaticum.An evolutionary tree based on the COI and ITS2 gene sequences showed that the ticks collected in this study were clustered with known H.asiaticum sequences.The PCR products of COI and ITS2 were sequenced and compared,which confirmed that the collected tick species were H.asiaticum,in agreement with the morphological and molecular biological results.These findings help to clarify the distribution of ticks in Xindi Township of Xinjiang,and provide basic data for the analysis of tick genetic and evolutionary characteristics,as reference for surveillance and control of ticks in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Objective:To analyze the genes related to platelet activation in essential thrombocythemia (ET)based on transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA-seq ),and to explore the potential targets related to ET thrombosis. Methods:Blood samples from ET patients and healthy individuals were collected for RNA-seq,and differentially expressed lncRNAs,miRNAs,and mRNAs were selected to construct a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Differential mRNAs in the regulatory network were enriched and analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO ) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG).The real-time PCR method was applied to validate differential mRNAs on crucial signaling pathways.Results:A total of 32 lncRNAs (3 up-regulated,29 down-regulated),16 miRNAs (8 up-regulated,8 down-regulated),and 35 mRNAs (27 up-regulated,8 down-regulated)were identified as differentially expressed.Among them,5 lncRNAs,12 miRNAs,and 19 mRNAs constituted the regulatory network.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential mRNAs were related to the platelet activation signaling pathway,and there were 6 differential mRNAs related to platelet activation,namely F2R,ITGA2B,ITGB1,ITGB3,PTGS1,and GP1 BB,which were all up-regulated in their expression.RT-PCR results showed that the expression of five mRNAs including F2R,ITGA2B,ITGB1,ITGB3,and GP1BB were upregulated in ET patients compared with healthy subjects,and consistent with RNA-seq results,while PTGS1 expression was not significantly different.Conclusion:Differential mRNAs in ET patients are related to the platelet activation pathway,and F2R,ITGA2B,ITGB1,ITGB3,and GP1BB mRNAs may serve as novel targets associated with platelet activation in ET.

Objective:To construct an estimating equation to accurately reflect the aging phenomenon of the glomerular filtration rate(GFR).Methods:Healthy subjects receiving physical examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2017 and April 2018 were included in the study, and the aging phenomenon of renal function indicators such as serum creatinine(Scr)was used as the reference standard to evaluate the accuracy of four Scr-based GFR equations during GFR aging, including the full age spectrum(FAS)equation, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration(CKD-EPI)equation, the Osaka equation and the Xiangya equation.Results:Of 37 636 individuals receiving physical examinations, 6 534 met the criteria specified in this study.Scr, serum urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and serum albumin showed a significant aging phenomenon( H=191.640, 196.693, 83.271, 414.585, P<0.001 for all).The GFR estimated by the four equations all decreased with aging, but the starting point and rate of decline were significantly different.The GFR aging phenomenon estimated by the FAS equation was closer to the trend of renal function indicators. Conclusions:The FAS equation may be more applicable to healthy people to understand the aging phenomenon of GFR.

Osteoarthritis （OA） is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration， synovial hyperplasia， hyperosteogeny， and narrowing of joint space， which can be caused by trauma， inflammation， and other factors. With the increasing global population aging， the incidence of OA is rising year by year， making it a major public health problem that urgently needs to be addressed. Exploring effective treatment schemes is particularly important. The pathogenesis of OA is complex， including oxidative stress， autophagy， and apoptosis. Recent studies have found that ferroptosis， a new type of cell death， is also an important pathogenic factor in OA， characterized by a series of complex changes such as iron ion accumulation， glutathione （GSH） depletion， and mitochondrial dysfunction. Research shows that inhibiting ferroptosis in chondrocytes can promote chondrocyte proliferation， delay extracellular matrix （ECM） degradation， and reduce synovial hyperplasia and inflammation. Targeting ferroptosis is a new direction in the treatment of OA. OA treatment includes intra-articular injections of steroids or hyaluronic acid and artificial joint replacement， but there are limitations. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases because of its low cost， low drug resistance， and few side effects. Cell and animal experiments have further confirmed that TCM can intervene in the treatment of OA with ferroptosis from multiple targets， multiple levels， and aspects， but the mechanism of its treatment of OA based on ferroptosis has not been clarified. This paper discussed iron metabolism， lipid peroxidation， cysteine/glutamate transporter system Xc^- （system Xc^-）/GSH/glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4） pathway， nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate（NADPH）/ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 （FSP1）/coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀） pathway， tumor protein p53 in OA， and related molecular targets of Chinese medicine monomers and compounds on ferroptosis inhibition. Their potential therapeutic mechanisms were further analyzed to provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of OA by TCM and useful reference for the research and development of related drugs.

AIM: To explore the neuro-ophthalmological characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy(AMN)after SARS-CoV-2 infection.METHODS: A total of 8 patients(14 eyes), including 6 females and 2 males, who were diagnosed with AMN in the neuro-ophthalmology department of Xi'an No.1 Hospital(The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University)from December 27, 2022 to February 1, 2023 were included in the study. All patients had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection before the disease, and the results of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), non-contact indirect intraocular pressure measurement, fundus color photography, near infrared(IR), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT), OCT angiography(OCTA), fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), indocyanine green angiography(ICGA), visual field, visual evoked potential(VEP), and electroretinogram(ERG)were collected. Furthermore, the neuro-opthalmology characteristics of the included patients were analyzed and summarized.RESULTS: The included 8 patients aged from 20 to 43, with an average age of(30±6.63)years old. The patients had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection 3 to 11(mean 5±3.51)d before the disease, and 6 out of 8 patients developed visual symptoms within 5 d of infection with SARS-CoV-2, with manifestated with decreased vision or visual scotoma. The visual acuity varied from 0.08 to 1.0, with visual field defect characterized by central, paracentral or peripheral scotoma. VEP showed prolongation latency of P100 or P2, and ERG revealed impaired function of retinal photoreceptor cell. In the early stage of the disease, the size and shape of early visual acuity, visual field, and extraretinal lesions in patients with AMN associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection may not match, and the lower the visual acuity, the later the VEP peaks.CONCLUSION: The neuro-ophthalmic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated AMN require the attention of clinicians. In addition to multi-mode fundus imaging, clinicians should use a variety of methods to comprehensively evaluate visual function and prognosis of patients.

Objective To evaluate the bioequivalence and safety of ezetimibe tablets in healthy Chinese subjects.Methods The study was designed as a single-center,randomized,open-label,two-period,two-way crossover,single-dose trail.Subjects who met the enrollment criteria were randomized into fasting administration group and postprandial administration group and received a single oral dose of 10 mg of the subject presparation of ezetimibe tablets or the reference presparation per cycle.The blood concentrations of ezetimibe and ezetimibe-glucuronide conjugate were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS),and the bioequivalence of the 2 preparations was evaluated using the WinNonlin 7.0 software.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to evaluate the bioequivalence of the 2 preparations.The occurrence of all adverse events was also recorded to evaluate the safety.Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of total ezetimibe in the plasma of the test and the reference after a single fasted administration:Cmax were(118.79±35.30)and(180.79±51.78)nmol·mL-1;tmax were 1.40 and 1.04 h;t1/2 were(15.33±5.57)and(17.38±7.24)h;AUC0-t were(1 523.90±371.21)and(1 690.99±553.40)nmol·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(1 608.70±441.28),(1 807.15±630.00)nmol·mL-1·h.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of total ezetimibe in plasma of test and reference after a single meal:Cmax were(269.18±82.94)and(273.93±87.78)nmol·mL-1;Tmax were 1.15 and 1.08 h;t1/2 were(22.53±16.33)and(16.02±5.84)h;AUC0_twere(1 463.37±366.03),(1 263.96±271.01)nmol·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(1 639.01±466.53),(1 349.97±281.39)nmol·mL-1·h.The main pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax,AUC0-tand AUC0-∞ of the two preparations were analyzed by variance analysis after logarithmic transformation.In the fasting administration group,the 90％CI of the log-transformed geometric mean ratios were within the bioequivalent range for the remaining parameters in the fasting dosing group,except for the Cmax of ezetimibe and total ezetimibe,which were below the lower bioequivalent range.The Cmax of ezetimibe,ezetimibe-glucuronide,and total ezetimibe in the postprandial dosing group was within the equivalence range,and the 90％CI of the remaining parameters were not within the equivalence range for bioequivalence.Conclusion This test can not determine whether the test preparation and the reference preparation of ezetimibe tablets have bioequivalence,and further clinical trials are needed to verify it.

OBJECTIVE To screen and quantitatively analyze differential quality markers （Q-Marker） in Zingiber officinale mixed and triturated with Schisandra chinensis （ZMTS） before and after processing. METHODS HPLC fingerprints of before processing [Z. officinale complicated with S. chinensis （ZWS）] and after processing （ZMTS） （10 batches each） were established. The differences of Q-Markers before and after processing were screened by the chemical pattern recognition method and Q-Marker “five principles”， and the contents were determined. RESULTS A total of 14 common peaks were identified in the fingerprints of ZWS， 22 common peaks were identified in the fingerprints of ZMTS， and 8 components were identified. Differential Q-Marker were screened by chemical pattern recognition and Q-Marker “five principles”， i. e. 6-gingerol， schisandrol A schisandrol B， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol， schisandrin A， schisandrin B， schizandrin C. The average contents of the 8 differential Q-Markers in ZMTS were 229.46， 244.48， 39.96， 44.12， 61.17， 47.82， 100.11 and 9.70 μg/g， respectively. The average contents of the 4 differential Q-Markers （6-gingerol， schisandrol A， schisandrol B， 8-gingerol） in ZWS were 112.58， 19.01， 26.74 and 5.98 μg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study， the differential Q-Markers before and after ZMTS processing are screened. The contents of the Q-Markers in ZMTS after processing are higher than those before processing.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are common clinical conditions. The number of patients with TMJ diseases is large, and the etiology, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and treatment of the disease remain controversial and unknown. To understand and master the current situation of the occurrence, development and prevention of TMJ diseases, as well as to identify the patterns in etiology, incidence, drug sensitivity, and prognosis is crucial for alleviating patients′suffering.This will facilitate in-depth medical research, effective disease prevention measures, and the formulation of corresponding health policies. Cohort construction and research has an irreplaceable role in precise disease prevention and significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment levels. Large-scale cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between potential risk factors and outcomes of TMJ diseases, and to observe disease prognoses through long-term follw-ups. The consensus aims to establish a standard conceptual frame work for a cohort study on patients with TMJ disease while providing ideas for cohort data standards to this condition. TMJ disease cohort data consists of both common data standards applicable to all specific disease cohorts as well as disease-specific data standards. Common data were available for each specific disease cohort. By integrating different cohort research resources, standard problems or study variables can be unified. Long-term follow-up can be performed using consistent definitions and criteria across different projects for better core data collection. It is hoped that this consensus will be facilitate the development cohort studies of TMJ diseases.