Obesity is a multi-factorial disease involving genetics, individual behavior, socio-economic status, and environmental factors, and has become a global public health issue. The food environment, as an external factor amenable to direct intervention, affects the development of obesity by shaping individual food acquisition and consumption behaviors. The food environment refers to the physical and social environment where food is accessible, and can be assessed from dimensions such as availability, accessibility, and affordability through geographic information system spatial analysis, field surveys, commercial databases, and questionnaires. Studies indicate that the food environment can influence obesity through the spatial shaping effects of dietary structure and sociobehavioral pathways. A healthy food environment is negatively correlated with the risk of obesity, whereas an unhealthy food environment is positively correlated with the risk of obesity. This paper reviews studies related to the correlation between the food environment and obesity, covering the prevalence of obesity, the definition and assessment methods of the food environment, and the mechanisms by which the food environment affects obesity. It summarizes food environment intervention strategies centered on urban planning, policies and regulations, and community education to provide a reference for obesity prevention and control.

Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors and alterations in functional connectivity of brain networks in end-stage renal disease （ESRD） patients complicated by frailty. MethodsA total of 84 patients with ESRD were enrolled and divided into the frailty group （31 cases） and non-frailty group （53 cases） according to the Chinese version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator （TFI）. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） data， neuropsychological test results and clinical data were collected for all subjects. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore risk factors for frailty in ESRD patients， and image preprocessing and independent component analysis were performed to compare differences in brain network functional connectivity between the two groups. ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that high blood urea nitrogen level， depression， malnutrition， and sleep disturbance were risk factors for frailty in patients with ESRD （P<0.05）， while a higher level of education served as a protective factor （P<0.05）. Compared with the non-frailty group， the frailty group exhibited significantly weakened functional connectivity between the sensorimotor network and the visual network （P<0.05）. ConclusionHigh levels of blood urea nitrogen， depression， malnutrition， and sleep disorders can increase the risk of frailty in patients with end-stage renal disease （ESRD）， while a higher educational level may reduce this risk. Patients with ESRD complicated by frailty exhibit a significant decrease in functional connectivity between the sensorimotor network （SMN） and visual network （VN）， which provides novel imaging evidence for exploring the central neural mechanisms underlying the development of frailty in ESRD patients.

Objective:To explore the prospective association between physical activity level and mor-tality risk in Chinese adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:Based on the China Kadoorie Biobank(CKB)who had COPD at the baseline survey,this study employed the Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate the prospective associations between the overall physical activity,different intensities(low-level,moderate-to-vigorous-level),and types(occupational,non-occupational)of physical activity level and the risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality,such as vascular diseases,cancer,and respiratory diseases.Based on the quintiles of physical activity level,par-ticipants were divided into five groups(Q1-Q5),with the lowest quintile group(Q1)as the reference group.Hazard ratio(HR)and 95％confidence interval(95％CI)were calculated for the remaining.In our study,we also performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses,including age,gender,self-rated health status,severity of COPD,etc.Results:Among 33 588 COPD patients at the baseline survey,8 314(22.2％)deaths were documented during an average follow-up of(11.1±3.1)years.Negative linear associations between the overall physical activity level and mortality risk from all-cause,vascular,and respiratory diseases were observed(P trend for linear correlation being＜0.001,0.002,＜0.001).Compared with the lowest quintile group of total physical activity(Q1),the hazard ratios(HR)and 95％confidence intervals(CI)for all-cause mortality,vascular disease mortality,and respiratory disease mortality in the highest quintile group(Q5)were 0.77(0.70,0.85),0.77(0.65,0.91),and 0.58(0.48,0.71),respectively.The low-level and moderate-to-vigorous-level physical activity were nega-tively associated with all-cause mortality in the COPD patients(P trend for linear correlation:0.002,＜0.001,respectively).Compared with the lowest quintile group of low-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(Q1),the HRs(95％CI)for all-cause mortality in the highest quintile group(Q5)were 0.89(0.82,0.97)and 0.79(0.72,0.87),respectively.The occupational and non-occupational physical activity were also found to have a linear inverse association with all-cause mortality risk among the COPD patients(P trend＜0.001 and 0.015,respectively).Compared with the lowest quintile group of occupational and non-occupational physical activity(Q1),the HR(95％CI)for all-cause mortality in the highest quintile group(Q5)were 0.69(0.61,0.78)and 0.91(0.84,0.98),respectively.The associations between overall physical activity and all-cause mortality risk were stronger for patients aged 60 and above,female,and who reported poor health status(P for interaction:0.028,0.012,0.010).The protective effect of total physical activity was also applicable to the COPD patients of varying severity.Conclusion:Physical activity could reduce the mortality risk in a dose-response relationship among COPD patients,regardless of its intensity and type,especially among indi-viduals aged 60 and above,females,and those with poor self-report health status.

This study investigated the potential pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of ST314 Salmonella Kentucky(S.Ken-tucky)isolates from a broiler slaughterhouse.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing(WGS)were used to determine antimicrobial resistance,virulence factors,and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)and mobile genetic elements(MGEs)among the isolates.The three multidrug resistant(MDR)isolates exhibited high resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents.The F4-2S strain exhibited resistance to 14 drugs across seven categories,whereas the F4T strain showed resistance to 13 drugs in the same number of categories.In contrast,the Y23 strain was resistant to nine drugs in six categories.Notably,F4-2S dem-onstrated high homology with F4T:both possessed 13 ARGs distributed across nine categories,in addition to a wide range of virulence factors,including secretion systems and effector proteins.The presence of IncR and IncX1 plasmids significantly enhanced both the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of the isolates.The genome map of Y23 revealed a chromosome alongside two plasmids.The chromosome containedonly one resistance gene but several virulence factors,including the type III secretion system(T3SS),which is crucial for bacterial invasion.The plasmid pY23-1 contained eight types of 19 ARGs.Comparative analysis indicated that pY23-1 ex-hibited high homology with pZ1323SSL0055 and pSAL-045,all of which contained multiple ARGs,thus suggesting critical roles of these genes in the evolution of bacterial resistance.In conclusion,ST314 S.Kentucky demonstrated a complex mechanism of resis-tance coupled with significant pathogenic potential.The ARGs and MGEs in the plasmid contributed to the emergence and dissemina-tion of antimicrobial resistance.The multiple virulence factors present in the chromosome may be key factors driving the increasing virulence of ST314 S.Kentucky.

An analysis of 24 144 norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia deposited in GenBank between 1995 and 2023 was conducted,to understand the temporal and spatial variations in norovirus genotypes in these regions.Norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia were downloaded in FASTA format from GenBank for the years 1995-2023,and analyzed in Excel,R language,and GraphPad Prism for data visualization.The number of norovirus sequences submitted to GenBank increased annually from 2004 and peaked in 2015.Notably,China and Japan contributed 62.3％of all submitted norovirus sequences.These sequences encompassed 31 capsid genotypes(C-type),with GⅠ accounting for 9％and GⅡ accounting for 90％.Additionally,49 polymerase types(P-type)were identified,along with 68 combinations of CP types;among the analyzed recombinant sequences(4 460 entries in total),approxi-mately 41％belonged to three predominant recombinant strains:GⅡ.2[P16],GⅡ.4[P31],and GⅡ.4[P16].This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution characteristics of norovirus genotypes across Asia and Russia over time,thereby supporting vac-cine design and evaluation efforts.

AIM To investigate the effects of Huazhuo Jiedu Shugan Formula(HJSGF)on improving learning and memory impairment in a rat model of vascular dementia(VD)via SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARγ pathway.METHODS The SD rats were randomly divided into the sham control group,the model group,the donepezil group(0.5 mg/kg),and the low-,medium-and high-dose HJSGF groups(2.7,5.4,10.8 g/kg),with 10 rats in each group.The VD rat models established by bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation(2-VO)had their neurological behavior assessment using the Longa5-point scale,and their modeling success confirmed by the Morris water maze test and their 3-week corresponding dosing of drugs by gavage afterward.After the drug administration,the rats had their spatial memory ability tested through behavioral experiments;their serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β measured by ELISA;their histopathological changes and neuronal morphology in the hippocampal CA1 region observed by HE staining and Nissl staining;and their hippocampal protein expressions of SIRT1,PGC-1α and PPARγ detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the sham control group,the model group showed prolonged escape latency(P＜0.01);decreased platform crossing times and target quadrant residence time(P＜0.01);disorganized arrangement of hippocampal CA1 neurons,nuclear condensation,reduced Nissl bodies,increased secretion and protein expressions of IL-1β and IL-18(P＜0.01);and reduced hippocampal protein expressions of SIRT1,PGC-1α and PPARγ(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the groups intervened with donepezil or HJSGF showed shortened escape latency(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);increased platform crossing times and target quadrant residence time(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);alleviated damage of the hippocampal CA1 region,reduced secretion and protein expressions of IL-1β and IL-18(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and elevated hippocampal protein expressions of SIRT1,PGC-1α and PPARγ(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION HJSGF may alleviate the inflammatory responses in VD rats and therefore improve their learning and memory impairment by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARγ signaling pathway.

This study investigated the potential pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of ST314 Salmonella Kentucky(S.Ken-tucky)isolates from a broiler slaughterhouse.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing(WGS)were used to determine antimicrobial resistance,virulence factors,and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)and mobile genetic elements(MGEs)among the isolates.The three multidrug resistant(MDR)isolates exhibited high resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents.The F4-2S strain exhibited resistance to 14 drugs across seven categories,whereas the F4T strain showed resistance to 13 drugs in the same number of categories.In contrast,the Y23 strain was resistant to nine drugs in six categories.Notably,F4-2S dem-onstrated high homology with F4T:both possessed 13 ARGs distributed across nine categories,in addition to a wide range of virulence factors,including secretion systems and effector proteins.The presence of IncR and IncX1 plasmids significantly enhanced both the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of the isolates.The genome map of Y23 revealed a chromosome alongside two plasmids.The chromosome containedonly one resistance gene but several virulence factors,including the type III secretion system(T3SS),which is crucial for bacterial invasion.The plasmid pY23-1 contained eight types of 19 ARGs.Comparative analysis indicated that pY23-1 ex-hibited high homology with pZ1323SSL0055 and pSAL-045,all of which contained multiple ARGs,thus suggesting critical roles of these genes in the evolution of bacterial resistance.In conclusion,ST314 S.Kentucky demonstrated a complex mechanism of resis-tance coupled with significant pathogenic potential.The ARGs and MGEs in the plasmid contributed to the emergence and dissemina-tion of antimicrobial resistance.The multiple virulence factors present in the chromosome may be key factors driving the increasing virulence of ST314 S.Kentucky.

An analysis of 24 144 norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia deposited in GenBank between 1995 and 2023 was conducted,to understand the temporal and spatial variations in norovirus genotypes in these regions.Norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia were downloaded in FASTA format from GenBank for the years 1995-2023,and analyzed in Excel,R language,and GraphPad Prism for data visualization.The number of norovirus sequences submitted to GenBank increased annually from 2004 and peaked in 2015.Notably,China and Japan contributed 62.3％of all submitted norovirus sequences.These sequences encompassed 31 capsid genotypes(C-type),with GⅠ accounting for 9％and GⅡ accounting for 90％.Additionally,49 polymerase types(P-type)were identified,along with 68 combinations of CP types;among the analyzed recombinant sequences(4 460 entries in total),approxi-mately 41％belonged to three predominant recombinant strains:GⅡ.2[P16],GⅡ.4[P31],and GⅡ.4[P16].This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution characteristics of norovirus genotypes across Asia and Russia over time,thereby supporting vac-cine design and evaluation efforts.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of the use of intravenous therapy specialist nurses and construct a theoretical framework, so as to provide reference for developing intervention measures and improving the use of intravenous therapy specialist nurses.Methods:The grounded theory research method was used. From July to August 2024, 17 intravenous therapy managers/specialist nurses from six ClassⅢ Grade A hospitals in Beijing City and Hebei Province were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling for semi-structured interviews. NVivo 12.0 was used for data analysis, including open, axial, and selective coding.Results:A total of 79 initial concepts were extracted and summarized into 25 domains, which were consolidated into five main domains, including organizational management and support, personal characteristics and professional identity, team collaboration and communication, work performance and incentive mechanisms, and external environment and opportunities. On this basis, a theoretical framework for factors influencing the use of intravenous therapy specialist nurses was constructed.Conclusions:This study constructs a theoretical framework for factors influencing the use of intravenous therapy specialist nurses. Managers can leverage this theoretical framework to develop targeted intervention strategies that enhance the effectiveness of intravenous therapy specialist nurses and optimize the allocation of nursing human resources.