ObjectiveTo investigate somatization symptoms in adolescents during frequent earthquakes in Hefei， and to explore their correlation with earthquake experiences. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was used to select 324 adolescents in Hefei as the survey objects. The self-rating scale of somatization symptoms （SSS） and the fatigue intensity scale （FIS） were used to evaluate the somatization symptoms and fatigue degree of middle school students， and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors of somatization symptoms and fatigue among middle school students. ResultsA total of 324 adolescents were included， and the overall detection rate of somatization symptoms was 6.5%， and the detection rate of moderate or above fatigue was 20.1%. The results of regression analysis showed that adolescents who were concerned about the earthquake for a longer time （≥1 h） had a higher risk of somatization symptoms （OR=5.430， 95%CI： 1.547-19.058）， and adolescents who received pre-earthquake training had a lower degree of fatigue （OR=0.535， 95%CI： 0.292-0.981） （P<0.05）. ConclusionDuring the frequent earthquakes， adolescents have more somatization symptoms and fatigue. Therefore， it is crucial to enhance health education， reduce the emphasis on event-related reports， and implement earthquake prevention and disaster reduction training to improve the physical and mental health of adolescents.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of Runmu Dihuang decoction （RMDHD） in treating perimenopausal dry eye with liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome based on the silent information regulator 3 （SIRT3）/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway. MethodsSixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups （n=10 per group）： Sham operation group， model group， sodium hyaluronate eye drop group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose RMDHD groups （5.625， 11.25， 22.50 g·kg^-1）. Except for the sham operation group， all rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy and were administered 0.1% benzalkonium chloride eye drops combined with long-term chronic irritation to establish a perimenopausal dry eye model with liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome. Drug administration began in the 11th week after modeling and continued for 21 days. General conditions， screen-grip test scores， tear secretion volume， tear film breakup time （TFBUT）， and corneal fluorescein staining were recorded. Serum levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， estradiol （E₂）， and progesterone （PROG） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Pathological changes in the lacrimal glands， corneas， and uteri were observed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Protein expression levels of SIRT3， HIF-1α， phosphorylated NF-κB p65 （p-NF-κB p65）， and total NF-κB p65 in the lacrimal glands were detected by Western blot. The expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the lacrimal glands was assessed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. ResultsAfter model establishment， no significant differences were observed among the groups except the sham operation group. Compared with the sham operation group， the other groups exhibited slowed movement， dull responses， increased irritability， reduced body weight， elevated rectal temperature， decreased screen-grip test scores， reduced tear secretion， and significantly shortened TFBUT （P<0.05）. After treatment， compared with the model group， the sodium hyaluronate eye drop group and all RMDHD groups showed improved general conditions， significantly increased tear secretion （P<0.05）， prolonged TFBUT （P<0.05）， and elevated screen-grip test scores （P<0.05）. Serum ROS and FSH levels were significantly decreased， while E₂ and PROG levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Pathological damage to the cornea， lacrimal glands， and uterus was ameliorated. In addition， protein expression levels of SIRT3 and HIF-1α in the lacrimal glands were significantly upregulated （P<0.05）， whereas the expression of p-NF-κB p65， IL-1β， and TNF-α was significantly downregulated （P<0.05）. ConclusionRMDHD increases tear secretion and TFBUT， improves lacrimal gland and corneal injury， and alleviates dry eye symptoms in a perimenopausal dry eye rat model with liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome. The underlying mechanism may be related to regulation of the SIRT3/HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway， inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses， and reduction of ocular surface tissue damage.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of modified Ditan tang on genes related to the transcription-translation feedback loop （TTFL） of biorhythm in the rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and its mechanism for prevention and treatment of NAFLD. MethodsSixty-five healthy SPF male SD rats were randomly assigned into blank （n=20）， model （n=15）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （2.68， 5.36， and 10.72 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） modified Ditan tang （n=10） groups. Other groups except the blank group were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The modified Ditan tang groups were treated with the decoction at corresponding doses by gavage， and the blank and model groups were treated with an equal volume of normal saline from the 9th week for 4 weeks. The levels of triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） in the serum were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. TG and non-esterified fatty acid （NEFA） assay kits were used to measure the levels of TG and NEFA in the liver. The pathological changes in the hypothalamus and liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining， and the lipid deposition in the liver was observed by oil red O staining. The levels of brain-muscle ARNT-like protein 1 （BMAL1/ARNTL） in the hypothalamus and liver were determined by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA and protein levels of BMAL1， circadian locomotor output cycles kaput （CLOCK）， period circadian clock 2 （PER2）， and cryptochrome1 （Cry1） in the hypothalamus and liver were determined by Real-time PCR and Western blot， respectively. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed elevated levels of TG， TC， LDL-C， AST， and ALT （P<0.01） and a lowered level of HDL-C （P<0.05） in the serum， elevated levels of TG and NEFA in the liver （P<0.01）， pyknosis and deep staining of hypothalamic neuron cells， and a large number of vacuoles in the brain area. In addition， the model group showed lipid deposition in the liver， up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 （P<0.01）， and down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of Cry1 and PER2 （P<0.01） in the hypothalamus and liver. Compared with the model group， all the three modified Ditan tang groups showed lowered levels of TG， TC， LDL-C， ALT， and AST （P<0.05， P<0.01） and an elevated level of HDL-C （P<0.05） in the serum， and lowered levels of TG and NEFA （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the liver. Furthermore， the three groups showed alleviated pyknosis and deep staining of hypothalamic neuron cells， reduced lipid deposition in the liver， down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of Cry1 and PER2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the hypothalamus and liver. ConclusionModified Ditan tang can reduce lipid deposition in the liver and regulate the expression of CLOCK， BMAL1， Cry1， and PER2 in the TTFL of NAFLD rats.

BACKGROUND:More and more animal experiments and clinical studies have confirmed that electrical stimulation can promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury,but the specific mechanism is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation-induced miR-741-3p regulating Radil on Schwann cell migration. METHODS:(1)Twelve male SD rats were randomly divided into electrical stimulation group and control group.The electrical stimulation group received continuous electrical stimulation for 7 days after sciatic nerve compression injury,while the control group was not treated after sciatic nerve compression.The injured nerves were taken on day 7 after operation.The expression difference of miR-741-3p between the two groups was verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization.(2)The target genes of miR-741-3p were predicted by miRDB,TargetScan,and miRWalk databases.(3)Schwann cells were transfected with miR-741-3p mimetic and its control,miR-741-3p inhibitor and its control,Radil siRNA and its control,miR-741-3p inhibitor+Radil siRNA and miR-741-3p inhibitor+siRNA control.The transfection efficiency was detected by RT-PCR.The migration ability of Schwann cells was detected by Transwell chamber. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The fluorescence intensity of miR-741-3p in the electrical stimulation group was lower than that in the control group.(2)The results of database prediction showed that 69 genes might be the target genes of miR-741-3p.Radil was one of the predicted target genes,which was mainly involved in cell adhesion and migration.(3)Compared with the miR-741-3p inhibitor control group,the number of Schwann cell migration increased in the miR-741-3p inhibitor group(P<0.05).Compared with the miR-741-3p mimic control group,the number of Schwann cell migration in the miR-741-3p mimic group decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the siRNA control group,the number of Schwann cell migration was decreased in the Radil siRNA group(P<0.05).(4)Compared with miR-741-3p inhibitor control group,the expression level of Radil was increased in miR-741-3p inhibitor group.Compared with miR-741-3p mimic control group,the expression level of Radil was decreased in miR-741-3p mimic group.(5)Compared with miR-741-3p inhibitor+siRNA control group,the number of Schwann cell migration was reduced in miR-741-3p inhibitor+Radil siRNA group(P<0.05).The results showed that electrical stimulation promoted the migration of Schwann cells by down-regulating miR-741-3p and targeting Radil gene.

Background: Intraoperative hypercapnia reduces the time to emergence from volatile anesthetics, but few clinical studies have explored the effect of hypercapnia on the emergence time from intravenous (IV) anesthesia. We investigated the effect of inducing mild hypercapnia during the recovery period on the emergence time after total IV anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Adult patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy under TIVA were randomly allocated to normocapnia group (end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2] 35–40 mmHg) or mild hypercapnia group (ETCO2 50-55 mmHg) during the recovery period. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The spontaneous breathing-onset time, voluntary eye-opening time, and hemodynamic data were collected. Changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Results: In total, 164 patients completed the study. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the mild hypercapnia (13.9 ± 5.9 min, P = 0.024) than in the normocapnia group (16.3 ± 7.6 min). A similar reduction was observed in spontaneous breathing-onset time (P = 0.021) and voluntary eye-opening time (P = 0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the adjusted ETCO2 level was a negative predictor of extubation time. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly increased after ETCO2 adjustment for mild hypercapnia, which rapidly returned to baseline, without any adverse reactions, within 20 min after extubation. Conclusions Mild hypercapnia during the recovery period significantly reduces the extubation time after TIVA. Increased ETCO2 levels can potentially enhance rapid recovery from IV anesthesia.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of gypenosides （GPs） on liver lipid deposition in metabolism-associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） mice and its mechanism based on classical/non-classical ferroptosis. MethodsEight male C57BL/6 mice in a blank group and 32 male apolipoprotein E gene knockout （ApoE^-/-） mice were randomly divided into a model group， a low-dose GPs （GPs-L） group， a high-dose GPs （GPs-H） group， and a simvastatin （SV） group. Starting from the second week， mice in the blank group were given a maintenance diet， and the other four groups were fed a high-fat diet daily. After eight weeks of feeding， mice in the GPs-L and GPs-H groups were given GPs of 1.487 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 and 2.973 mg·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively， and mice in the SV group were given simvastatin of 2.275 mg·kg^-1·d^-1. Mice in the blank group and the model group were given saline of equal volume by gavage for four weeks. The content of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in the serum of mice in each group was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The level of non-esterified fatty acid （NEFA） and TG in the mouse liver was measured by the kit. The change in liver tissue structure and lipid deposition was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining. The levels of coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀）， glutathione （GSH）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and Fe²⁺ in serum， as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ［NAD（P）H］ in the liver were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expression of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 （FSP1） in the liver of mice was observed by the immunohistochemical （IHC） method， and the expression of genes and proteins related to classical and non-classical ferroptosis pathways was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Wes automated protein expression analysis system. ResultsCompared with those in the blank group， the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， ALT， and AST in serum and TG and NEFA in the liver in the model group were significantly increased， and the level of HDL-C in serum was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The liver tissue structure changed， and there were fat vacuoles of different sizes and a large number of red lipid droplets， with obvious lipid deposition. The level of CoQ10 and GSH in serum and NADH in the liver were significantly decreased， while the level of MDA and Fe²⁺ in serum was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of cystine/glutamate transporter （xCT/SLC7A11）， glutathione peroxidase （GPX4）， p62， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and FSP1 were significantly decreased， and the mRNA and protein expressions of tumor antigen （p53）， spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 （SAT1）， arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase （ALOX15）， and Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 （Keap1） were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the level of TC， TG， LDL-C， ALT， and AST in serum and TG and NEFA in the liver of mice in the GPs-L， GPs-H， and SV groups were decreased， while the level of HDL-C in serum was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The liver tissue structure and lipid deposition were improved. The levels of CoQ10 and GSH in serum and NADH in the liver were significantly increased， while the levels of MDA and Fe²⁺ in serum were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of xCT， GPX4， p62， Nrf2， and FSP1 were significantly increased， while the mRNA and protein expressions of p53， SAT1， ALOX15， and Keap1 were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionGPs can interfere with liver lipid deposition in MAFLD mice through classical/non-classical ferroptosis pathways.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of gypenosides （GPs） on liver lipid deposition in metabolism-associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） mice and its mechanism based on classical/non-classical ferroptosis. MethodsEight male C57BL/6 mice in a blank group and 32 male apolipoprotein E gene knockout （ApoE^-/-） mice were randomly divided into a model group， a low-dose GPs （GPs-L） group， a high-dose GPs （GPs-H） group， and a simvastatin （SV） group. Starting from the second week， mice in the blank group were given a maintenance diet， and the other four groups were fed a high-fat diet daily. After eight weeks of feeding， mice in the GPs-L and GPs-H groups were given GPs of 1.487 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 and 2.973 mg·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively， and mice in the SV group were given simvastatin of 2.275 mg·kg^-1·d^-1. Mice in the blank group and the model group were given saline of equal volume by gavage for four weeks. The content of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in the serum of mice in each group was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The level of non-esterified fatty acid （NEFA） and TG in the mouse liver was measured by the kit. The change in liver tissue structure and lipid deposition was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining. The levels of coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀）， glutathione （GSH）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and Fe²⁺ in serum， as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ［NAD（P）H］ in the liver were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expression of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 （FSP1） in the liver of mice was observed by the immunohistochemical （IHC） method， and the expression of genes and proteins related to classical and non-classical ferroptosis pathways was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Wes automated protein expression analysis system. ResultsCompared with those in the blank group， the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， ALT， and AST in serum and TG and NEFA in the liver in the model group were significantly increased， and the level of HDL-C in serum was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The liver tissue structure changed， and there were fat vacuoles of different sizes and a large number of red lipid droplets， with obvious lipid deposition. The level of CoQ10 and GSH in serum and NADH in the liver were significantly decreased， while the level of MDA and Fe²⁺ in serum was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of cystine/glutamate transporter （xCT/SLC7A11）， glutathione peroxidase （GPX4）， p62， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and FSP1 were significantly decreased， and the mRNA and protein expressions of tumor antigen （p53）， spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 （SAT1）， arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase （ALOX15）， and Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 （Keap1） were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the level of TC， TG， LDL-C， ALT， and AST in serum and TG and NEFA in the liver of mice in the GPs-L， GPs-H， and SV groups were decreased， while the level of HDL-C in serum was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The liver tissue structure and lipid deposition were improved. The levels of CoQ10 and GSH in serum and NADH in the liver were significantly increased， while the levels of MDA and Fe²⁺ in serum were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of xCT， GPX4， p62， Nrf2， and FSP1 were significantly increased， while the mRNA and protein expressions of p53， SAT1， ALOX15， and Keap1 were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionGPs can interfere with liver lipid deposition in MAFLD mice through classical/non-classical ferroptosis pathways.

Perceptual decision making refers to the process by which individuals make choices and judgments based on sensory information, serving as a fundamental ability for human adaptation to complex environments. While traditional research has focused on perceptual decision making in isolated contexts, growing evidence highlights the profound influence of social contexts prevalent in real-world scenarios. As a crucial factor supporting individual survival and development, social context not only provides rich information sources but also shapes perceptual decision making through top-down processing mechanisms, prompting researchers to recognize the inherently social nature of human decisions. Empirical studies have demonstrated that social information, such as others’ choices or group norms, can systematically bias individuals’ perceptual decisions, often manifesting as conformity behaviors. Social influence can also facilitate performance under certain conditions, particularly when individuals can accurately identify and adopt high-quality social information. The impact of social context on perceptual decisions is modulated by a variety of external and internal factors, including group characteristics(e.g., group size, response consistency), attributes of peers (e.g., familiarity, social status, distinctions between human and artificial agents), as well as individual differences such as confidence, personality traits, and developmental stage. The motivations driving social influence encompass three primary mechanisms: improving decision accuracy through informational influence, gaining social acceptance through normative influence, and maintaining positive self-concept. Recent computational approaches have employed diverse theoretical frameworks to provide valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying social influence in perceptual decision making. Reinforcement learning models demonstrate how social feedback shapes future choices through reward-based updating. Bayesian inference frameworks describe how individuals integrate personal beliefs with social information based on their respective reliabilities, dynamically updating beliefs to optimize decisions under uncertainty. Drift diffusion models offer powerful tools to decompose social influence into distinct cognitive components, allowing researchers to differentiate between changes in perceptual processing and shifts in decision criteria. Collectively, these models establish a comprehensive methodological foundation for disentangling the multiple pathways by which social context shapes perceptual decisions. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies provide converging evidence that social context influences perceptual decision making through multi-level neural mechanisms. At early perceptual processing stages, social influence modulates sensory evidence accumulation in parietal cortex and directly alters primary visual cortex activity, while guiding selective attention to stimulus features consistent with social norms through attentional alignment mechanisms. At higher cognitive levels, the reward system (ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) is activated during group-consistent decisions; emotion-processing networks (anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala) regulate experiences of social acceptance and rejection; and mentalizing-related brain regions (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction) support inference of others’ mental states and social information integration. These neural circuits work synergistically to achieve top-down multi-level modulation of perceptual decision making. Understanding the mechanisms by which social context shapes perceptual decision making has broad theoretical and practical implications. These insights inform the optimization of collective decision-making, the design of socially adaptive human-computer interaction systems, and interventions for cognitive disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and anorexia nervosa. Future studies should combine computational modeling and neuroimaging approaches to systematically investigate the multi-level and dynamic nature of social influences on perceptual decision making.

BACKGROUND: The optimal antidepressant dosages remain controversial. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of antidepressants and characterize their dose-response relationships in the treatments of major depressive disorders (MDD). METHODS: We searched multiple databases, including the Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and Web of Science, for the studies that were conducted between January 8, 2016, and April 30, 2023. The studies are double-blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving the adults (≥18 years) with MDD. The primary outcomes were efficacy of antidepressant and the dose-response relationships. A frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted, treating participants with various dosages of the same antidepressant as a single therapy. We also implemented the model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) using a Bayesian method to explore the dose-response relationships. RESULTS: The network meta-analysis comprised 135,180 participants from 602 studies. All the antidepressants were more effective than the placebo; toludesvenlafaxine had the highest odds ratio (OR) of 4.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.65-7.72), and reboxetine had the lowest OR of 1.34 (95%CI: 1.14-1.57). Moreover, amitriptyline, clomipramine, and reboxetine showed a linear increase in effect size from low to high doses. The effect size of toludesvenlafaxine increased significantly up to 80 mg/day and subsequently maintained the maximal dose up to 160 mg/day while the predictive curves of nefazodone were fairly flat in different dosages. CONCLUSIONS: Although most antidepressants were more efficacious than placebo in treating MDD, no consistent dose-response relationship between any antidepressants was observed. For most antidepressants, the maximum efficacy was achieved at lower or middle prescribed doses, rather than at the upper limit. REGISTRATION No. CRD42023427480; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?
Humans ; Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use* ; Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy* ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic