Alzheimer's disease, a significant contributor to dementia, is rapidly becoming a serious healthcare concern in the 21st century. The alarming number of patients with Alzheimer's disease is steadily increasing, which is contributed by the dearth of treatment options. The current treatment for Alzheimer's disease is heavily dependent on symptomatic treatment that has failed to cure the disease despite huge investments in the development of drugs. The clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease with limited drugs is generally targeted towards the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and acetylcholine esterase, which only elevate cognition levels for a limited period. Beyond the aforementioned molecular targets, β-amyloid was much explored with little success and thus created a feel and palpable growing emphasis on discovering new putative and novel targets for AD. This has inspired medicinal chemists to explore new targets, including microglia, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem-2), and notum carboxylesterase, to discover new lead compounds. This review explores the functions, pathophysiological roles, and importance of all AD-related targets that address therapeutic and preventive approaches for the treatment and protection of Alzheimer's disease.

Objectives: Due to the long-lasting pandemic measures, such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on higher education. In this study, we aimed to determine sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep hygiene, and their association with anxiety, and their correlation in preclinical medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods: We included 101 medical students, aged between 17–20 years of both sex from a tertiary care medical institute. Standard questionnaires were used to assess sleep quality, sleep hygiene, daytime sleepiness, and anxiety among medical students.Results: Fifty-one percent of the medical students had good sleep quality, but 35% had borderline poor sleep quality, and 13% had poor sleep quality during the lockdown. Six percent of medical students had alarmingly high daytime sleepiness. The total Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS) score was grouped into poor sleep hygiene (ASHS score ≤ 3.8) and good sleep hygiene (ASHS score ≥ 4.9). Overall, sleep hygiene of medical students was poor due to behavioral arousal and bedtime routine factors, and the scores for anxiety and sleep hygiene were significantly negatively correlated, whereas daytime sleepiness showed a significant positive correlation.Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of poor sleep quality among medical students during the lockdown. Poor sleep hygiene is an eye-opener for the mostly ignored aspect of altered sleep patterns.

Imaging technology with its advancement in the field of urology is the boon for the patients who require minimally invasive approaches for various kidney disorders. These approaches require a precise knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of vessels at the hilum of the kidney. During routine dissections, a variation in the branching pattern of the right renal artery was noted in an adult male cadaver. The right renal artery divided into upper and lower divisions 6cm away from the hilum of the kidney. The upper division gave 4 branches, and the lower division gave two branches. These two branches further bifurcated and gave 2 branches each. Thus, there were 8 prehilar branches of renal artery. The multiple prehilar branches led to a congested atmosphere at the hilum of the kidney. This arterial congestion might result in hindering the blood flow at the renal hilum. Apart from this, it might cause difficulties in diagnostic and therapeutic invasive procedures. Knowledge of this variation is of importance to radiologists and urologists in particular.
Adult ; Atmosphere ; Cadaver ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Pelvis ; Male ; Renal Artery* ; Urology