Mesenchymal stem cells are highly regarded for their potential in tissue repair and regenerative medicine due to their multipotency and self-renewal abilities. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells have been redefined as "medical signaling cells," with their primary biological effects mediated through exosome secretion. These exosomes, which contain lipids, proteins, RNA, and metabolites, are crucial in regulating various biological processes and enhancing regenerative therapies. Exosomes replicate the effects of their parent cells while offering benefits such as reduced side effects, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and high drug-loading capacity. Dental stem cells, including those from apical papilla, gingiva, dental pulp, and other sources, are key contributors to exosome-mediated regenerative effects, such as tumor cell apoptosis, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and immune modulation. Despite their promise, clinical application of exosomes is limited by challenges in isolation techniques. Current methods face issues of complexity, inefficiency, and insufficient purity, hindering detailed analysis. Recent advancements, such as micro-electromechanical systems, alternating current electroosmosis, and serum-free three-dimensional cell cultures, have improved exosome isolation efficacy. This review synthesizes nearly 200 studies on dental stem cell-derived exosomes, highlighting their potential in treating a wide range of conditions, including periodontal diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and more. Optimized isolation methods offer a path forward for overcoming current limitations and advancing the clinical use of exosome-based therapies.
Exosomes/physiology* ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology* ; Dental Pulp/cytology* ; Stem Cells/cytology* ; Tooth/cytology*

Work-related upper-extremity disorders (WRUEDs) are frequently occurring among workers in general. Various researches support the empirical results of the Autogenic factors related to such problems of health and safety. Research shows the association of different aspects of work organization strengthen the possibilities of work-related stress and other psychosocial factors, which may lead towards adverse health conditions. To review the previous work done for finding the association between psychosocial factors and upper extremity disorders. Findings from different studies have been reviewed to examine the psychosocial factors association in developing WRUEDs. Published studies, which were primarily focused on WRUEDs and psychosocial factors association, were reviewed. Various studies have shown the relationship between psychosocial factors and UEDs. Due to the different nature of epidemiology of the disorder and variable differences, findings from different studies contradicts. Finally, this review presents the limitations in existing studies, and further research has been proposed for future.