Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and usually curable disease. Yet in 2022, TB was the world’s second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after coronavirus disease (COVID-19)1. Aim: By reviving strains isolated at specific years over a 10-year interval and performing next-generation sequencing, we can analyze their strain genotype, epidemiology, drug resistance, and dynamicsTherefore, this study was conducted to examine the historical trends and dynamics of strain genotype, variants, and drug resistance of tuberculosis preserved in the culture bank. Materials and Methods:: Using a retrospective, laboratory-based research approach, 200 strains were randomly selected from over 1,000 diagnostic isolates preserved in the NTRL culture collection from 2010 and 2020. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT, Oxford, UK) to analyze these strains. The FastQ file was submitted to the International Mycobacterial Database. Strain genotypes, subtypes, gene mutations of drug resistance, and resistance profiles were identified using TBprofiler, MTBseq, IQ-Tree (version 1.6.12), and EPI2me software. Results: Of the tuberculosis strains selected for the study, 66.5% were from eight out of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar, while 33.5% were sampled from 16 out of 21 provinces. Out of the strains analyzed, 83.9% (95% CI 78.7–89.1) belonged to lineage 2 or the Beijing genotype, while 16.1% (95% CI 10.9–21.3) were lineage-4 or Euro-American genotype. While the proportion of Beijing lineage strains was slightly higher and the Euro-American lineage strains slightly lower in rural populations compared to urban populations, the difference in strain distribution between urban and rural areas was not statistically significant (p=0.485). Among the Beijing lineage strains, only the modern Beijing sublineage (100%) was identified. In contrast, the Euro-American lineage exhibited various sublineages: 4 (0.5%), 4.5 (1%), 4.1.2.1 (Haarlem, 3%), Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM, 7.5%), mainly T (3.5%), and S type (0.5%). Notably, the proportion of Lineage 2 strains increased from 80% in 2010 to 86% in 2020. The overlap of the confidence intervals for 2010 (72.16%–87.84%) and 2020 (79.20%–92.80%) indicates that there has been no significant change in the distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages over time. The study revealed that among the selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, resistance rates to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs were as follows: isoniazid (39%), rifampicin (21%), ethambutol (19%), and streptomycin (34%). Genotypic analysis indicated that the Beijing lineage was predominantly associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis cases, including multidrug-resistant (MDR), poly-drug-resistant, and mono-drug-resistant TB. Notably, the Beijing lineage accounted for 100% of pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) TB cases. Within the Haarlem lineage, 33% were MDR-TB. In the Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) lineage, 13.3% were MDR-TB, 6.6% were poly-drug-resistant, and 13.3% were mono-drug-resistant. Among the mainly T lineage, 42.8% exhibited mono-drug resistance. These findings suggest that the distribution of M. tuberculosis lineages in the Mongolian population has remained relatively stable over time, with no significant temporal changes. Conclusion The distribution of M. tuberculosis genotypes circulating among the population of Mongolia has remained relatively stable over time, with no significant time-dependent changes. Additionally, no mutations associated with resistance to newly introduced anti-TB drugs were detected.

Background: The continuous annual increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) poses significant challenges not only within our nation but also globally in the control and management of tuberculosis. Aim: This study aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) residing in six central districts of Ulaanbaatar and to investigate associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Participants aged 18 years and older diagnosed with T2DM and receiving care at endocrinology clinics in six central districts of Ulaanbaatar were selected using systematic random sampling. Presumptive TB cases were identified through a structured questionnaire and chest X-ray. Sputum specimens were collected and subjected to smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay for tuberculosis detection. Cases confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, currently undergoing tuberculosis treatment and previously treated cases as per questionnaire data were classified as tuberculosis cases, and prevalence was calculated. Results: A total of 1,644 individuals with T2DM were enrolled in the study, of whom 836 (50.9%) were female, with a mean age of 58 years (range 19–89). The overall prevalence of presumptive TB cases was 10.5% (n=172; 95% CI, 9.0–12.0). Among 112 suspected cases from whom sputum samples were obtained, 10 (8.9%; 95% CI, 4.9–15.7) were laboratory-confirmed for M.tuberculosis. Notably, 7.2% (6 cases; 95% CI, 3.4–14.9) of asymptomatic individuals with abnormal X-ray findings were diagnosed with tuberculosis. According to questionnaire responses, 9 participants (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.3–1.0) were undergoing tuberculosis treatment, and 53 (3.2%; 95% CI, 2.5–4.2) reported a previously treated TB cases. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis among individuals with diabetes was 4.4% (n=72; 95% CI, 3.5–5.5). Stratification by age and sex revealed a significantly higher prevalence among males (5.9%; n=48; 95% CI, 4.5–7.8) compared to females (2.9%; 95% CI, 1.2–4.2) (p=0.002), indicating a twofold increased risk of tuberculosis in males. Although no statistically significant differences in tuberculosis prevalence were observed across age groups (p>0.05), a declining trend in prevalence with older age was noted. Conclusion The prevalence of tuberculosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes was 4.4% (n=72; 95% CI, 3.5–5.5), with a significantly higher rate in males (p=0.002) and a decreasing trend with increasing age. Among asymptomatic individuals exhibiting radiographic abnormalities, 7.2% were confirmed to have tuberculosis via laboratory testing

IntroductionTraffic accident is the accident that of transport unit`s accident. Every year about 1.2 million people die because of automobile accident and 20-50 million people gets injured or gets disabled. 2.1 percent of total mortality is caused by accident and 22.8 percent of them because of the road accident. In Mongolia accident injury is in 5-th place of causes of mortality since 1991 and growth to 3-th place causes of mortality since 2000 year. Last 5 years increased external caused disease in Darkhan-Uul aimag. Mortality, which is caused by road accident is takes the third place. Causes of traffic accident: drinking when driving, driving with nervousness, use of cellphone while driving, no use of seat belt, over speeding, no use of car seats for children, driving with child at the front seat, drive in technically unsafe vehicle in the traffic.GoalThis study is aimed to evaluate drivers’ knowledge and attitude to prevent from automobile accident. Objectives:1. Evaluate a knowledge and attitude of driver`s in evaluation from traffic accident 2. Relate causes of injury and accident of public transportation driver`s in Darkhan-Uul aimag.Materials and MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate drivers’ knowledge and attitude to prevent from automobile accident involving 172 drivers who work at the Public transportation service of Darkhan-Uul aimag. In terms of evaluating drivers’ knowledge, 10 questions were prepared and 3 or less correct answers was considered as unsatisfactory; 4-7 correct answers accepted as average; 8-10 correct answers were accepted as satisfactory.ResultsOut of total 172 participant drivers, 113 (65.7%) serves within the city range and 59 (34.3) serves for inter-city range. 75.6% of them drives a car, 17.4% drives micro-bus and 7% drives bus. According to this, only 5.8% of the drivers achieved satisfactory level, 18.6% was evaluated unsatisfactory and remaining 75.6% got an average mark. About seat belt, 95.3% of the drivers had positive attitude and 66.3% of them are already used to fasten the seat belt and 27.3% reported as does so seldom. Speaking on phone or writing message (50.6%) while driving, being drunk at any extent (66.3%), driving vehicles incomplete (50.6%) are considered as extremely dangerous. Also exceeding speed and breaking traffic rules (84.9%) are reported as dangerous. Relate the driver`s causes of last 30 day: 44 (25.6%) violated a traffic rules once or more, 23 (13.4%) drive when used an alcohol. 54 (31.4%) used a cellphone or send a message while driving.Conclusions:1. Darkhan-Uul aimag public transportation service drivers’ knowledge about preventing from accident is truly unsatisfactory.2. There are risky behaviors such as speaking on the phone, writing text message (31.4%), breaking traffic regulation rule (25.3%), driving when after using alcohol (13.4) are revealed among the participant drivers.