Background: The skin barrier serves as the primary defense against environmental factors. Mongolia’s extreme climate conditions may contribute to skin barrier impairment, increased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and decreased skin moisture. Objective: To determine and compare skin moisture, TEWL, and skin pH levels in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 with 104 relatively healthy children selected through random sampling. Skin physiological parameters, including skin moisture, skin pH and TEWL were measured following the EEMCO (European Group on Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products) guidelines using the Multi Skin Test MC750 device (Courage+Khazaka Electronics, Germany) at nine different sites. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata-14 software. Results: Among the participants, 51.9% (n=54) reported having dry skin (p<0.0001). Additionally, 64.5% (n=67) used moisturizers, but their usage did not show a statistically significant difference in skin moisture (p=0.929), skin pH (p=0.378), or TEWL (p=0.332). 14.42% (n=15) had extremely dry skin, while 85.58% (n=89) had dry skin, with no participants falling within the normal skin moisture range. TEWL showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r=-0.331, p=0.0006). When analyzed by age groups, skin moisture (p=0.023) and TEWL (p=0.038) differed significantly between groups. Conclusion Skin moisture and TEWL significantly differ across age groups. Given that all participants had dry skin, moisturization is crucial. Mongolia’s extreme climate is likely a key contributing factor to childhood skin dryness.

Introduction: According to epidemiological studies conducted in Mongolia over the past decade, diseases of the digestive system have consistently ranked second in terms of morbidity and fourth in mortality. With the rapid advancement of technology, sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy living habits have become more prevalent among the population, leading to a trend of digestive disorders affecting younger age groups. Therefore, investigating the prevalence, pathological changes, and risk factors associated with gallbladder and pancreatic diseases among university students has become the rationale for this study. Objective: To study the prevalence of gallbladder and pancreatic disorders and determine some of the associated risk factors. Methodology: 200 students from the first to sixth year were selected through random sampling based on the WHO age classification. Data collection included a structured questionnaire and ultrasound examination using the SUN-800D device. Diagnostic criteria followed the national clinical guidelines for acute cholecystitis. Results: Out of 200 participants, 120 (60%) were female and 80 (40%) were male. Among them, 128 students (64%) reported skipping breakfast regularly, and 147 (73.5%) did not consume an adequate amount of fluids daily. Ultrasound examinations revealed that 104 students (52%) had some form of gallbladder or pancreatic abnormality. Additionally, gallstones were detected in 1 student (0.5%), and gallbladder polyps were found in 5 students (2.5%). Conclusion Gallbladder and pancreatic abnormalities were observed in 52% of the participants. Among the associated risk factors, 64% of students reported skipping breakfast, and 73.5% had inadequate daily fluid intake. The ultrasound findings showed that 47% had biliary sludge, 32% had gallbladder kinking, and 48.5% had increased pancreatic echogenicity.

Introduction: The development of analytical methods for evaluation of quality standard parameters of drugs and other health prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic products is essential from the beginning in the process to release to the market finished product. Validation of developed analytical methods is one crucial part of the analysis.
Quantitative determination methods of the total main active compounds of the tincture prepared from the root and the herb of Paeonia anomala L. were developed. In order to verify whether the analytical procedure is suitable for its intended purpose parameters – accuracy, reproducibility, intermediate precision, and linearity were validated. Materials and methods: The total phenolics in the tincture were determined by the reaction with Folin Chicolteau reagent and total monoterpene glycosides by the reaction with hydroxylamine in alkaline solution and ferric (III) chloride following spectrophotometric examination, respectively. Based on the achieved results of the developed quantitative methods which were validated according to the accepted and pursued technical documents in our country the Eurachem guide “The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods” and Russian Pharmacopoeia 13 “Validation of analytical methodology”, where parameters as accuracy, precision – reproducibility, intermediate precision, and linearity are involved. Conclusions Statistical analysis of total phenolic compounds and total monoterpene glycosides in the Paeonia anomala tincture demonstrated that the bias calculated was for accuracy 0.674% and 0.703%, relative standard deviations were for reproducibility 0.896% and 0.798%, for inter- mediate precision 0.922% and 0.696%, respectively and the linearity – R²=0.9985 and R²=0.9997. All achieved results validated the appropriateness of the developed quantitative methods for the intended purpose.

Introduction: Due to social transition and change of many societal activities in Mongolia, there is an increasing need for pharmaceutical drugs to treat anxiety, stress, fatigue and insomnia. It is considered that medicinal plants used in traditional medicine as sedatives, anti-anxiety and anti-depressive activities could be effective. Our study focuses on exploring optimal methods for preparing tinctures from Paeonia L. genus species, a sedative in Mongolian traditional medicine, and studying their phytochemical compositions. Materials and methods: Root and herb of Paeonia anomala L., grown in Mogod soum in Bulgan province, were used for the study.
Prepared herb and root were chopped and sieved into 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm sizes. Then from each size of two samples, a set was created with a 1:1 ratio. Finally 40 % ethanol (1:10 ratio with a set) was applied to prepare tincture through a traditional maceration method. The obtained tincture was analyzed for its color, quantity of biologically active compounds, dry residue, and absorption coefficient using an optimal particle size of samples, volume of the extractive liquid and tincture yield.
Tincture from the set of herb and root of Paeonia anomala L. was prepared using 3 methods, namely, by the traditional maceration; intensified maceration using the ultrasonic bath processing with 45 kHz at an ambient temperature; constant shaking in a heat of 30o-40oC. Conclusion The more optimal and effective method for preparing tincture from Paeonia anomala L. has been found to be the ultrasonic bath processing with 45 kHz for 6 h at an ambient temperature. Crude drug mixture of 2 mm sizes with 40% ethanol (where volume absorption coefficient was accounted to be 2.8) was mixed at a ratio of 1:10. In the obtained tincture, total phenols were determined as 0.58±0.003% in gallic acid equivalent and total monoterpene glycosides as 1.96±0.002% in paeoniflorin, which were the highest compared to other methods, indicating the method is the more optimal one.

Introduction: It is important to standardize a tincture prepared from the herb and root of Paeonia anomala L, which is widely used as a sedative in traditional medicine, based on the results of the studies its chemical composition, biological and pharmacological activities. Moreover, there is a need to carry out a quantitative stability testing in order to establish the ability to maintain quality under certain storage condition, shelf-life and to develop suitable packaging information. Materials and methods: Standardization parameters of prepared Paeonia anomala tincture have been evaluated according to WHO guidelines for the determination of crude drug material, plant preparations and finished products technical parameters, along with the Mongolian National Pharma- copoeian (MNP) and Russian XIV Pharmacopoeian methods for tincture. The color of a tincture, dry residue, special density, alcohol content, and microbiological content were determined according to the methods described in MNP. A qualitative analysis of biological active constituents has been evaluated by thin-layer chromatography, the total phenolic compounds were determined by the reaction with Folin Chicalteu reagent and total monoterpene glycosides by the reaction with hydroxylamine in alkaline solution and ferric (III) chloride following spectrophotometric examination, respectively.
The stability testing study was performed according to the “General requirements for the stability testing study of drug-active compounds” MNS-6439-2014 using the real-time methods for the standardization parameters of the tincture. Conclusions The standardized parameters of tincture prepared from the herb and root of Paeonia anomala L. were approved by the National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety analysis. Consequently, the Mongolian pharmacopoeian article on Paeonia anomala tincture was officially permitted under the number ҮФӨ-0327-2017.
The stability study of tincture was carried out according to the MNS-6439-2014 by real-time tests for 24 months which provided that the changes in tincture quality were within the permitted limits. Consequently, it can conclude that the storage condition and shelf-time of Paeonia anomala tincture are 2 years under not above 25°С.

Oral hygeine status of children with henoch-schonlein purpura (HSP) disease Backround: Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) disease is an inflammatory disease in which capillaries, venules, and arterioles are dominated by microvessels due to the accumulation of Ig-A immunity in the walls. Eighty percent of children with HSP have chronic infections such as chronic tonsillitis, otitis media, dental caries, and gingivitis.1-8 However, no research has yet been conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of tooth decay in children with Shenlein-Genoch disease, and to assess gingivitis and oral hygiene. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted from 50 children with the HSP from the Department of Cardiovascular Connective Tissue Pathology of Pediatric Consultant Polyclinic of the National Center for Maternal and Child Health and was conducted in using cross-sectional survey accordance with the number 07- 2021/3, Principles of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences and, the results of the study were processed using the statistical software SPSS 25. Results: The prevalence of tooth decay among children with HSP was high at 95% for mixed dentition and 100% for each stage of primary and permanent dentition, while the intensity of tooth decay was 7,304.64 (caries+ fillings+extraction/ tooth) during primary dentition, 7,303.46 (caries+fillings / tooth) + (caries+fillings+extaction / tooth) during mixed dentures and 11,294.13 (caries+fillings+extraction / tooth) during permanent dentition. It is noteworthy that the level is very high at all.In the study of children with gingivitis, 50% of them had gingivitis with primary dentition, 60.9% with mixed dentition, and 58.8% with permanent dentition. The proportion of healthy children without gingivitis was 50% for primary dentition, 39.1% for mixed dentition, and 41.2% for permanent dentition. The proportion of “good” condition in the study was 30% for primary dentition, 39.1% for mixed dentition, 35.3% for permanent dentition. The “mean” rate was highest for 70% for primary dentition, 56.5% for mixed dentition and 58.8% for permanent dentition. The “insufficient” rate was 4.3% for mixed dentition and the lowest for 5.9% for permanent dentition. Conclusions: 1. The prevalence of tooth decay among children with HSP was high at 95% for mixed dentition and 100% for each stage of primary and permanent dentition, while the intensity of tooth decay was 7,304.64 (caries+ fillings+extraction/ tooth) during primary dentition. 7.303.46 (caries+ fillings+extraction/ tooth)+ ( caries+ fillings+extraction/ tooth) during mixed dentition and 11.294.13 (caries+ fillings+extraction/ tooth) for permanent dentition means that all of the level is at high intensity. 2. In the study of children with gingivitis, 50% of them had gingivitis with primary teeth, 60.9% with mixed teeth, and 58.8% with permanent teeth. The proportion of healthy children without gingivitis was 50% for primary dentition, 39.1% for mixed dentition, and 41.2% for permanent dentition. However, there is a statistically significant result (p <0.001) of the more increase in tooth plaque of poor oral hygiene the more increase in gingivitis. 3. The proportion of “good” condition in the study was 30% for primary dentition, 39.1% for mixed dentition, 35.3% for permanent dentition, the “mean” rate was 70% for primary dentition, 56.5% for mixed dentition and 58.8% for permanent dentition. The “insufficient” rate was 4.4% for mixed dentition, or the lowest for 5.9% for permanent dentition. There were no statistically significant differences (p> 0.05) between oral health and the HSP status of the children in the study. According to the results of the survey, it is observed that the oral health status among the respondents is insufficient.

Introduction: Over 800,000 people in the world contract HCC each year and approximately 700,000 die from the disease. HCC is the 6th most common cancer in the world. HCC is the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. 2/3 of liver cancer deaths are caused by hepatitis. In the U.S, HCV infection is the more common cause of HCC, while in Asia and Africa, HBV is more common. Mongolia ranks first in the world in mortality from liver cancer, indicating the need for early detection and treatment of cirrhosis. Sysmex Corporation has introduced for HISCL series analyser, a new cirrhosis marker M2BPGi of non-invasive, blood-testing. In 2016, the test was introduced at Medipas Hospital in Orkhon province. It is possible to study the advantages and significance of the marker for use in clinical practice. Materials and methods: From a total of 385 patients who underwent M2BPGi marker testing in 2016-2017Medipas hospital laboratory, data from a total of 283 patients tested for hepatitis B and C virus and M2BRGi markers were selected. A comparison of age, sex, and test parameters of a total of HCVab and HBsAg positive 172 patients tested for Total bilirubin, GPT, GOT, GGT, AFP and M2BPGi. HCV Ab, HBsAg, AFP, M2BPGi markers were analyzed by SysmexHISCL-5000 fully automated immunological analyzer, Liver function tests were performed with a fully automatic biochemical analyzer JEOL Biomajesty BM6010/C. Results: Of the M2BPGi marker tested 283 patients 94 (33%) were infected with the C virus, 78 (28%) were with the B virus,11 (4%) were co-infected with B and C viruses, 100 (35%) no any viral infection. Of the 172 patients diagnosed with hepatitis B and C virus infection, 97 (56%) were male, 75 (44%) were female. In terms of age, 72% of the population is over 45 years old.
Of the 172 patients, 115 (67%) had M2BPGi marker abnormal or > 1.0 COI. Of the M2BPGi marker abnormal patients, 47 (41%) were infected with the B virus and 68 (59%) with the C virus. In terms of age, 27.7% of hepatitis B patients and 10.3% of hepatitis C patients were under 45 years of age, 72.3% of hepatitis B patients and 89.7% of hepatitis C virus patients were over 45 years of age.
Hepatitis B and C viruses are slightly more common in men than in women. The majority of patients infected with the hepatitis virus over the age of 45. The majority of patients with hepatitis virus have abnormal liver function. Increased M2BPGi markers in people under the age of 45 with hepatitis B virus infection are relatively higher for hepatitis B virus infection than for C virus infection. Conclusions The M2BPGi marker was abnormal in 67% of hepatitis virus infected patients. It has been observed that the probability of an increase in M2BPGi marker is slightly higher in hepatitis C virus infection than in hepatitis B virus infection.

Introduction : In recent years, there has been a significant increase of cerebrovascular disease in Mongolia, which is the second leading cause of mortality. There are dozens of Mongolian traditional medicine which is good efficiency for cerebral ischemia that contains musk. Aim: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of musk under the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Materials and Methods: Cerebral middle cerebral artery occlusion was established in male rat (90-minute occlusion followed by 24-hour reperfusion). Rats were divided into following groups: control group, ischemia group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion), nimodipine administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + treated with nimodipine), musk administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + musk 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The brain tissue levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 cytokines were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) every 1, 3, 7th days. Results: Levels of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly lower in musk treated group compared to brain ischemia group (p<0.05). In contrast, treatment with musk was significantly improved neurological function with stimulation of M2 phenotype microglia cells and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine level of IL-10 in the ischemic hemisphere of brain in rats Conclusion The mechanisms of musk are associated with increasing the brain tissue levels of IL-10, and reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 subsequently stimulating neurogenesis and reduced ischemic zone. Musk may have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia with stimulating M2 phenotype microglia cells in the brain. Regarding the ELISA, the effects of musk may be due to anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of some of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulation of anti- inflammatory cytokines.

ХУРААНГУЙ. Дутуу төрөлт нь анагаах ухаан төдийгүй нийгэм эдийн засгийн тулгамдсан асуудал юм. Дутуу болон жин багатай төрөх нь нярайн эндэгдэлийн тэргүүлэх шалтгааны нэг болж байна. Шүдний тулгуур эдийн үрэвсэлт өвчний үед зарим нянгийн бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгүүд нь жирэмсэлтийн явц ба ургийн хөгжилд нөлөөлж болдог гэдгийг харуулсан судалгааны үр дүнгүүд байдаг. Иймээс жирэмсэн эмэгтэйчүүдийн тулгуур эдийн өвчин нь нярайн дутуу болон жин багатай төрөх эрсдэлт хүчин зүйл болж байгаа эсэхийг судлахад энэхүү судалгааны зорилго оршино. Уг судалгааг эмнэлэгт суурилсан тохиолдол хяналтын загвараар Нийслэлийн Өргөө Амаржих Газар болон Эх Хүүхдийн Эрүүл Мэндийн Үндэсний Төв (ЭХЭМҮТ)-ийн нийт 90 оролцогчийг хамруулан хийж гүйцэтгэлээ. Тохиолдлын бүлэг 30 (37 долоо хоногоос бага тээлттэй, 2500 гр-aaс бага жинтэй нярай) оролцогч, хяналтын бүлэгт 60 (хэвийн тээлттэй) оролцогч хамрагдсан. Судалгаанд оролцогчдийн шүд цоорох өвчний (ШЦӨ) тархалт хяналтын бүлэгт 99%, эрчим 8.32 ЦЛА/ш, тохиолдолын бүлэгт ШЦӨ тархалт 100%, эрчим 11.33 ЦЛА/ш байв. Амны хөндийн эрүүл ахуйн (АХЭА) үзүүлэлтийг үнэлэхэд хяналтын бүлэгт 2.4 буюу ‘’дунд’’, тохиолдолын бүлэгт 3.2 буюу ‘’муу’’ үнэлгээтэй байлаа. Тулгуур эдийн өвчин, шүдний чулуу (***p<0.008), шүд буйлны эмгэг хөндийн гүн 4-6 мм байх нь (***p<0.006) жин багатай дутуу нярай (ЖБДН) төрөх эрсдэлт хүчин зүйл болж байгаа нь статистик ач холбогдол бүхий үр дүнг үзүүллээ. Буйлны үрэвсэл нь ЖБДН төрөх эрсдэлийг 5.5 дахин нэмэгдүүлж байна. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) үзүүлэлт нь АХЭА үзүүлэлтээс хамааралтай болох нь статистикийн хувьд ач холбогдолтой байлаа (***р<0.000). Тулгуур эдийн өвчин шүдний чулуу, шүд буйлны эмгэг хөндийтэй байх нь ЖБДН төрөх эрсдэлт хүчин зүйл болж байгаа нь судалгааны үр дүнгээс ажиглагдлаа.

Preterm birth is not only health problem but also one of major socioeconomic issues. Preterm Low Birth Weight (PLBW) is leading causative factor of neonatal mortality. Some researches results showed that during periodontal inflammatory disorder some bacterial components could affect pregnancy and fetal development. Therefore aim of our study is to assess and confirm periodontal disease of pregnant females whether or not risk factor of PLBW. We performed our study on the First Maternity Hospital and National Centre for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia by clinical based case control method on 90 participants. Case group has 30 females (<37 weeks of gestation, and Neonates Birth Weight <2500), control group has 60 females (Normal birth) (ratio was 1:2). Dental caries prevalence on control group was 99%, the mean of DFM/t was 8.32 “average”, prevalence of case group was 100%, and mean of DFM/t was 11.33, which was also “average”. Oral hygiene examination assessment was poor. Study results showed that patients with periodontal disease such as dental calculus (***p<0.008) and periodontal pocket with depth of 4-6mm (***p<0.006) were risk factors for PLBW. Gingivitis is increased to have PLBW baby by 5.5 times. CPITN index was highly associated with dental hygiene index and it was statistically significant. (***p<0.000). Within the limits of this study poor periodontal health status of mothers may be a potential risk factor for a preterm low birth weight.