Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Background: Globally, gastric cancer accounts for 1,089,000 new cases and 769,000 deaths annually, ranking fifth in overall cancer incidence and third in cancer-related mortality. The aim to determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the need for further laboratory diagnostics. Aim: To determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its association with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the potential need for further laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using archived materials from patients with gastric cancer at the Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology Laboratories of the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, covering the period from 2019 to June 2025. HER2 protein expression in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH-HER2) was employed to confirm gene amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Prisma-10 software. Results: In our study, among 210 cases of gastric cancer evaluated by IHC for HER2, 46 (21.9%) were HER2-positive and 164 (78.1%) were HER2-negative. When comparing patients with gastric cancer stratified into HER2 1+ (negative) and HER2 3+ (positive) groups, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in age, sex, tumor location (surgically resected tissue), morphology, or disease stage. However, a higher proportion of males was noted in the HER2 3+ group (80.9%), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0879). Significant associations were found with tumor markers. Elevated serum CA-72-4 (>5 ng/mL) was more frequent in the HER2 3+ group (58.8%; p = 0.0069). In contrast, elevated CA-19-9 (>35 U/mL) was more common in the HER2 1+ group (93.5%; p = 0.0117), and elevated CEA (>6.9 U/mL) was also predominant in the HER2 1+ group (90.6%; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that HER2 3+ status predominates in cases with elevated CA-72-4, which may influence diagnostic strategies and HER2-targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab). Conversely, elevated CA-19-9 and CEA were more associated with HER2 1+ status, indicating a need for further detailed investigation of these markers in relation to HER2 expression. In patients evaluated by CISH for HER2 expression, stratification into HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups revealed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age, sex, tumor location, morphology, stage, or serum tumor markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA). This suggests that HER2 status (positive/negative) may be independent of these variables. Although HER2 positivity was higher in poorly differentiated tumors (48% vs. 30.6% negative; p=0.1414) and in stage IV disease (50% vs. 39.3% negative; p=0.2607), these differences were not statistically significant. Elevated serum markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA) were observed but showed no significant correlation with HER2 status. Conclusion Determining the molecular profile of gastric cancer patients can significantly contribute to refining clinical diagnosis, developing treatment strategies, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life.

: According to the elemental analysis survey, it is confirmed that the content of silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al) in coarse particles in the ambient air of Erdenet city is the highest (2457 ng/cm2, 1061.72 ng/cm2), and the content of black carbon (BC) is the highest (2699.9 ng/cm2) for the fine particles, respectively. In Orkhon Aimag, 221 new cancer cases were registered in 2023, 20.8 per 10,000 population, and 123 deaths were registered, which decreased by 20 cases from the previous year. Stomach, lung, and oesophageal cancers are the most common. Among the leading causes of diseases, diseases of the respiratory system are led by its prevalence rate of 1536 per 10,000 population, followed by the diseases of the digestive system prevalence rate of 821 per 10,000. Goal: To review the epidemiological tendency of diseases registered in Orkhon aimag between 2006 and 2022. Materials and Methods: The secondary data on outpatient 2006-2022 of Orkhon aimag was collected and analysed. All disease data followed the X International Classification of Diseases classification. The Ethical permission was obtained from the Ethical Committee at the Ach Medical University. All personnel information-related data was removed and no any name and location of personnel data was mentioned in the survey result. Results: In Orkhon Aimag, 524,927 cases of diseases were registered in 2006-2022. Respiratory system diseases were 29.82 percent of total diseases, digestive system diseases were 16.58 percent, genitourinary system diseases were 11.28 percent, cardiovascular system diseases were 10.45 percent, and skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases were 8.38 percent. Chronic heart diseases of rheumatic origin were registered for 11.59 percent of the population aged 50-54, hypertension diseases were registered 12.41 percent, and a steady increase was observed in the age of 20-54. Conclusions
1. When studying the structure of diseases among the population of Orkhon aimag, the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary system, circulatory system and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are the first five leading causes of diseases and consisted 76.95% of the total number of diseases. In the study of analyzing the diseases of the circulatory system by age group and diagnosis, cases of ischemic heart disease and high blood pressure are found among children aged 15-19 years. CVD are more common among the population aged 40-54.
2. There is a tendency that skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases to be on the rise among the population.

Health impact assessment is a means of evidence-based policy-making for improvement in health. It is a combination of methods whose aim is to assess the health consequences to a population of a policy, project, or program that does not necessarily have health as its primary objective. It is described as being “the leading global network on best practice in the use of impact assessment for informed decision-making regarding policies, programs, plans and projects”. In recent years, much evidence was revealed that the mining, metal mining, and processing industry has a greatly impact on humans. Residing population has affected directly and indirectly influenced to the health and wellbeing of human.
The mining, metal mining and processing industries play an important role in the economic and social development of Mongolia. With the rapid development of the mining industry in Mongolia, environmental protection and environmental rehabilitation have become a priority. Currently, there are 27 laws governing environmental legal acts in our country, and chapter 3 of the Hygiene Law covers environmental and health impact assessment. As stated the implementation of the law shall be financed from the state and local budgets, the central state administrative organization and the Governor at the appropriate level shall order the relevant professional organizations to carry out environmental research and analysis work and to develop projects, and in addition to financing with budget funds, as well as conducting research with their funds for interested citizens, enterprises, and organizations were are arrangements to support the implementation of the laws and its regulation.
However, Within the scope of the Law on Environmental Protection and Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures, the negative impact on the environment is identified but in the area of health impact, it is a lack of information on how the activities are conducted, and health impact assessments are not conducted according to procedures and methods. Thus, there are need to conduct health impact assessments of the mining area and its affected population.

Background: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development offers an historic opportunity to set a new course for the next era for significant changes for children and their families, with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is at the centre of this ambitious new agenda, with a distinct water sector goal (SDG 6) that aims for universal, sustainable, affordable and equitable access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene, as well as the elimination of open defecation by 2030. According to the data of the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, the total population of the country is 3,036,988 of which 1.3 million inhabit in Ulaanbaatar with over 60 percent of them living in the ger districts. Sanitation facilities which fail to meet the hygiene requirements are used by 97.3 percent of the ger-district households. Materials and Methods: The research was implemented using laboratory test methods following the cross-sectional model. In the ger communities of the 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar, 111 sites were selected for soil sampling in July, August and September of 2016 with 3 repetitions. The samples were tested in the reference laboratory of the Public Health Institute, titres of E.Coli and quantities of Protei were defined and assessed in comparison against the normative levels provided in the Standard MNS 3297:91 “Environmental protection. Soil. The indicators of norm sanitation condition for soil communities. Results: The findings of the study show that the most or 79.2 percent (225) of the sites where E.Coli was detected had low level of contamination, 18.3 percent (52) had moderate contamination and 2.1 percent (7) had high level of contamination. By locations of soil sampling for E.Coli detection, 588.74 titres were counted in the samples from near the ger-district service centres which was the highest among other locations and 5.88 times exceeded the mean contamination category of MNS3291:91 Standard as much as 5.88 times. The E.Coli contamination in the samples taken from near the main roads and gas stations were higher than the Submitted abstract International expert consultation on sanitation in cold climate 148 mean standard category (100-1000) by 16 points, but still lower than at the other locations (p=0.22). The mean value of the Proteus titres from July, August and September in the soil samples from the proximities of the car and tyre repair shops and car wash centres was higher than at other locations and would fall within the high contamination category according to the Standard. The 1.0 percent of the causes of diarrhea in small children in ger areas in UB is E.Coli in the topsoil. But the total number of bacteria in soil accounts for the 2.1 percent of the causes of diarrhea in small children. Conclusions
1. Thesurficial soil of the ger-districts in city Ulaanbaatar are getting contaminated due to human and animal excreta and pit latrines which do not meet the hygiene requirements.
2. Pollution of soil pathogenic microorganisms affects the diarrheal infection in children from ger areas in Ulaanbaatar.

The results of studies on heavy metal and bacterial contamination in Ulaanbaatar since 1990 have beensummed up in this abstract. In the recent years, soil pollution has increased due to rising number ofpopulation, especially in ger districts, factories and services in Ulaanbaatar. According to some surveys,pollution indicators of lead, arsenic and bacterial contamination in soil have exceedednationalstandardlevel.

BackgroundThe target group of the project, working age population, is more vulnerably exposed to the risk factors of NCDs due to deficiency of physical activities, stress, unhealthy eating, etc. The current study was carried out to assess the knowledge and attitude on health promoting workplaces among the employees of public and non-governmental organizations and businesses operating in Kherlen soum of Khentii aimag, identify their needs and make conclusions.Materials and MethodsThe cross-sectional study used questionnaires for 195 employees of 10 public agencies and 3 business entities of Kherlen soum of Khentii aimag, focus group discussions among 32 employees and individual interviews with 13 managing officials.ResultsWomen composed 38% (74 persons) and men composed 62% (121 persons) of the participants of the study. As for the duration of the service, 115 people or 58.7% have served for 1-10 years, 49 people or 25% have served for 11-20 years, 21 persons or 10.7% have served for 21-30 years and 6 persons or 3.1% have worked for 30 years. As for the knowledge of health promoting workplaces, the absolute majority of the participants demonstrated medium or low level of knowledge with statistical significance (p<0.01) among ages, with women demonstrating higher level of knowledge and increasing trend with the years of work. Absolute majority of the participants of the qualitative survey answered that possess insufficient information of health promoting workplaces. Majority or 54.2% (105) of the participants understand health promoting workplaces as provision of working conditions and organization of preventive health check ups. Creating healthy workplaces will have no negativeimpact but increased productivity, higher morale, better wellness, according to the respondents. Job satisfaction as an impact of health promotion at workplace was supported by 48.4% of the employees at 20-30 years age and 54.2% of the employees who have served for 11-20 years. 57.7% (112) of the respondents disagree that their workplaces created health promoting conditions. The knowledge of the majority of the participants in insufficient as 89.3% answer that WHP is provision of healthy environment for working. Health promotion is not implemented sufficiently at the policy level and is limited merely to improvement of physical environment and solution of social problems, with insufficient behavior targeting actions and participation of employees in health promoting activities.Conclusions:1. The knowledge on health promoting workplaces is insufficient.2. The answers of the respondents that lack of health promotion at workplaces will reduce productivity (69.2%) and adversely affect the health of the employees (44.7%) demonstrate the need in WHP.3. The further activities necessary for further development of health promoting workplaces were identified as provision of comprehensive knowledge, cooperation with professional organizations and learn from experiences of health promoting workplace models, mutual learning and solution of the financial issues.

BackgroundPreliminary clinical studies indicate that liver extract may be helpful in treating hepatic dysfunction. In addition, liver extract seems to work synergistically with interferon in treating hepatitis C and other viral infections. Laboratory studies indicate that liver extract may have some effects that could be useful in treating certain forms of cancer, such as ability to direct migration of metastasizing cells and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein formation. More research is needed in these areas to determine liver hydrolysate’s properties.Materials and MethodsSeveral biochemical methods were used for determination of chemical compounds in liver extracts: Total protein and nitrogen content was determined by Kjeldahl method; mineral contents – atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Heme iron content – spectrophotometer; Water soluble vitamins - HPLC method. The pharmacological activities of bovine liver were tested by several pharmacological methods: Acute toxicity – LD50 /Prozorovskii 1978/; Acute hepatitis – Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats /Skakun et al, 1984/; Biochemical parameters in blood serum – Automatic biochemical analyzer.ResultThe values obtained in determination of the biochemical analysis show that 100 g consumption of studied liver hydrolysate can provide 4.3, 2.1 and 0.3 mg vitamin B1, B3 and B9 respectively. Therefore, present data reveal that liver hydrolysate is a good source of most of the analyzed minerals. The liver hydrolysate contains 56.4% total protein and 4.33% amino nutrient.Conclusions:1. From the results of pharmacological study that involves CCl4 induced acute toxic hepatitis, liver hydrolysate has hepatoprotective effect by protecting the liver cells from injury, improving the regeneration process and by correcting metabolic functions of the liver.2. When tested, hydrolysate’s pharmacological parameters can be analyzed reliably with several liver damage experimental designs, further improvements or the use of new designs such as anemia is needed in further pharmacological study.

BackgroundHuman-induced climate change will affect the lives of most populations in the next decade and beyond. The impact of meteorological conditions on human health has been reported globally. There is a need to conduct surveys for correlation between climate change and human health.GoalTo study the impact of air temperature on human health in selected aimags and city districts.Materials and MethodsIn order to study how climate change and air quality parameters affect human health we selected Zavhan, Selenge, Dornod, and Umnugobi aimags which represent different climate zones and 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city during 2009-2011. All data for respiratory system disease J00-J99, circulatory system disease I00-I99, were collected from soum, district’s hospital, and aimag and soum’s Department of health.ResultsDuring the study period, a total number of 8649 incidences of respiratory disease are registered. From them 74.2 percent are influenza and pneumonia (J09-J18), 17.6 percent are other acute lower respiratory infections (J20- J22), and 8.2 percent are asthma (J45-J45.9). For cardiovascular disease 15288 incidences are registered. From them 65.6 percent are hypertensive disease (I10-I15), 23.6 percent are ischemic heart disease, and 10.8 percent are cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). The lower the air temperature, higher the incidence of influenza and pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, hypertensive, and ischemic heart disease.ConclusionsCold weather is correlated with a higher incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.