Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, the number of deaths from cancer worldwide is estimated to reach 13.2 million. However, this number is expected to increase to 20.3 million due to population growth. As of 2018, liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
HCV is estimated to infect 175 million people globally, accounting for 2.8–3% of the total population. About 20% of people infected with HCV progress to severe liver disease, sometimes requiring liver transplantation.
In our country, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis increased significantly between 2015 and 2019. In 2019, it accounted for 45.3% of the total liver diseases, an increase of 10.3 percentage points since 2015. When analyzing age groups, it is noteworthy that incidence increased by 3.2 times in children aged 0-9 years. Objectives of the study: To determine the level of ferritin in the blood of patients with hepatitis C virus infection and to assess its relationship with fatty liver. Research materials and methods: This study was conducted using a cross- sectional design. The data were collected before the initiation of anti-HCV treatment, and each participant underwent serum biochemical analysis to assess basic iron metabolism indicators such as ferritin and transferrin. Conclusion Of the 115 participants in the study, 27% (31) had elevated ferritin levels, while 73% (84) had normal levels. The mean ferritin level was 336±262 ng/ mL, indicating that a significant number of participants had elevated ferritin levels. This suggests that ferritin levels are increased in cases of liver cell inflammation and injury. Although biopsy-proven fatty liver disease was not present, 97.4% (112) of the participants had elevated blood lipid levels, and 94.6% of these had elevated ferritin levels. However, the chi-square test did not reveal a statistically significant difference (χ² = 0.170, p = 0.681). Additionally, 91.5% of participants with high HDL also had elevated ferritin, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.117).

Background: Globally, gastric cancer accounts for 1,089,000 new cases and 769,000 deaths annually, ranking fifth in overall cancer incidence and third in cancer-related mortality. The aim to determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the need for further laboratory diagnostics. Aim: To determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its association with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the potential need for further laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using archived materials from patients with gastric cancer at the Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology Laboratories of the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, covering the period from 2019 to June 2025. HER2 protein expression in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH-HER2) was employed to confirm gene amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Prisma-10 software. Results: In our study, among 210 cases of gastric cancer evaluated by IHC for HER2, 46 (21.9%) were HER2-positive and 164 (78.1%) were HER2-negative. When comparing patients with gastric cancer stratified into HER2 1+ (negative) and HER2 3+ (positive) groups, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in age, sex, tumor location (surgically resected tissue), morphology, or disease stage. However, a higher proportion of males was noted in the HER2 3+ group (80.9%), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0879). Significant associations were found with tumor markers. Elevated serum CA-72-4 (>5 ng/mL) was more frequent in the HER2 3+ group (58.8%; p = 0.0069). In contrast, elevated CA-19-9 (>35 U/mL) was more common in the HER2 1+ group (93.5%; p = 0.0117), and elevated CEA (>6.9 U/mL) was also predominant in the HER2 1+ group (90.6%; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that HER2 3+ status predominates in cases with elevated CA-72-4, which may influence diagnostic strategies and HER2-targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab). Conversely, elevated CA-19-9 and CEA were more associated with HER2 1+ status, indicating a need for further detailed investigation of these markers in relation to HER2 expression. In patients evaluated by CISH for HER2 expression, stratification into HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups revealed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age, sex, tumor location, morphology, stage, or serum tumor markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA). This suggests that HER2 status (positive/negative) may be independent of these variables. Although HER2 positivity was higher in poorly differentiated tumors (48% vs. 30.6% negative; p=0.1414) and in stage IV disease (50% vs. 39.3% negative; p=0.2607), these differences were not statistically significant. Elevated serum markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA) were observed but showed no significant correlation with HER2 status. Conclusion Determining the molecular profile of gastric cancer patients can significantly contribute to refining clinical diagnosis, developing treatment strategies, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life.

Abstract : Introduction: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L. extracts are used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Saposhnikovia divaricata notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic potential of four different types of medicinal plants (Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifidia (Pall) Fisch, Saposhnikova divaricate (Turcz) Schischk and Salsola laricofolia Turcz.ex Litv). Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of each extracts were evaluated separately using chemically induced inflammatory model (RAW 264.7 macrophages). iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 relative expression was determined real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Results: No cytotoxicity was observed with a concentration of herbal extract. LPS treated macrophages were released cytokines at higher level and it was downregulated when plant extracts were treated. Herbal extract treatment suppressed the production of iNOS, IL-1b and IL-6 from Raw264.7 cells after LPS. Conclusion These results demonstrate that herbal extracts exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which results decreasing production of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines and allowed us to screen future therapeutic possibility.

Myocardial infarction (Ml) is necrosis and death of heart muscle secondary to ischemia and acute coronary artery thrombosis. Ml, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the oxygen rich blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a prolonged period, causing damage or death to the heart tissue. This blockage is most often caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, which form a plaque in the coronary arteries. Furthermore, patients with cancer constitute a high-risk population for cardiovascular disease and as of the last 5 years, 50% of patients with cardiovascular disease have been diagnosed with cancer, according to World Health Organization. The provision of complete insight into Ml complications along with designing ajpreventive program against Ml seems necessary. The use of medications has been practiced over the years for the prevention of HF. However, some of these medications produce adverse effects and due to high cost are not easily available to every patient. Over the past decades, there has been a significant rise in the use of herbal supplements based on traditional medicine to prevent, avoid, and/or treat different conditions, including cardiovascular disease; this rise results from a natural source, efficiency with few or no adverse effects and low cost. In vivo models of heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (Ml) are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and for developing new treatments.
These models typically involve inducing heart failure or myocardial infarction in animals, such as rodents to study disease mechanisms and evaluate potential therapies.
In this review, we discuss the most common preclinical models of Ml currently employed in cardiovascular research. Among them, Ml induced heart failure is a method of ligation of the left anterior descending artery of coronary an experimental animal. Its physiological relevance, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and suitable method for evaluating research results. The rat model of myocardial infarction offers numerous advantages that make it a valuable tool for cardiovascular research.

: According to the elemental analysis survey, it is confirmed that the content of silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al) in coarse particles in the ambient air of Erdenet city is the highest (2457 ng/cm2, 1061.72 ng/cm2), and the content of black carbon (BC) is the highest (2699.9 ng/cm2) for the fine particles, respectively. In Orkhon Aimag, 221 new cancer cases were registered in 2023, 20.8 per 10,000 population, and 123 deaths were registered, which decreased by 20 cases from the previous year. Stomach, lung, and oesophageal cancers are the most common. Among the leading causes of diseases, diseases of the respiratory system are led by its prevalence rate of 1536 per 10,000 population, followed by the diseases of the digestive system prevalence rate of 821 per 10,000. Goal: To review the epidemiological tendency of diseases registered in Orkhon aimag between 2006 and 2022. Materials and Methods: The secondary data on outpatient 2006-2022 of Orkhon aimag was collected and analysed. All disease data followed the X International Classification of Diseases classification. The Ethical permission was obtained from the Ethical Committee at the Ach Medical University. All personnel information-related data was removed and no any name and location of personnel data was mentioned in the survey result. Results: In Orkhon Aimag, 524,927 cases of diseases were registered in 2006-2022. Respiratory system diseases were 29.82 percent of total diseases, digestive system diseases were 16.58 percent, genitourinary system diseases were 11.28 percent, cardiovascular system diseases were 10.45 percent, and skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases were 8.38 percent. Chronic heart diseases of rheumatic origin were registered for 11.59 percent of the population aged 50-54, hypertension diseases were registered 12.41 percent, and a steady increase was observed in the age of 20-54. Conclusions
1. When studying the structure of diseases among the population of Orkhon aimag, the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary system, circulatory system and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are the first five leading causes of diseases and consisted 76.95% of the total number of diseases. In the study of analyzing the diseases of the circulatory system by age group and diagnosis, cases of ischemic heart disease and high blood pressure are found among children aged 15-19 years. CVD are more common among the population aged 40-54.
2. There is a tendency that skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases to be on the rise among the population.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

Health impact assessment is a means of evidence-based policy-making for improvement in health. It is a combination of methods whose aim is to assess the health consequences to a population of a policy, project, or program that does not necessarily have health as its primary objective. It is described as being “the leading global network on best practice in the use of impact assessment for informed decision-making regarding policies, programs, plans and projects”. In recent years, much evidence was revealed that the mining, metal mining, and processing industry has a greatly impact on humans. Residing population has affected directly and indirectly influenced to the health and wellbeing of human.
The mining, metal mining and processing industries play an important role in the economic and social development of Mongolia. With the rapid development of the mining industry in Mongolia, environmental protection and environmental rehabilitation have become a priority. Currently, there are 27 laws governing environmental legal acts in our country, and chapter 3 of the Hygiene Law covers environmental and health impact assessment. As stated the implementation of the law shall be financed from the state and local budgets, the central state administrative organization and the Governor at the appropriate level shall order the relevant professional organizations to carry out environmental research and analysis work and to develop projects, and in addition to financing with budget funds, as well as conducting research with their funds for interested citizens, enterprises, and organizations were are arrangements to support the implementation of the laws and its regulation.
However, Within the scope of the Law on Environmental Protection and Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures, the negative impact on the environment is identified but in the area of health impact, it is a lack of information on how the activities are conducted, and health impact assessments are not conducted according to procedures and methods. Thus, there are need to conduct health impact assessments of the mining area and its affected population.

Introduction: Mongolia’s capital hosts about half the country’s total population, and its air pollution ranks among the highest in the world during winter. Air pollution is linked to reduced fetal growth, preterm birth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive intra-uterine development, impaired cognitive development, and even spontaneous abortion. Antenatal care includes fetal development monitoring, prevention of anemia, immunization against infectious diseases, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and any health risk factors such as environmental pollution.
Health care measures for pregnant women and children under one year of age have the potential to be highly effective because they are directly aimed at reducing pneumonia in children. As such, we need to conduct this survey to determine whether pregnant women were satisfied with the information and advice on air pollution prevention provided by health facilities and to take evidence-based measures. Materials and Methods : The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, a total of 958 pregnant women participated from Songinokhairkhan district, Bayanzurkh district, and Bayankhongor province center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation, and environment of the Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results : The survey covered 958 pregnant women aged 16-45 in Bayanzurkh district Songinokhairkhan district, and Bayankhongor province. During antenatal care visits, the majority of pregnant women (BZD- 56.9%, SKHD- 68.3%, BKH province - 86.7%) were advised by their health specialists to go outside for fresh air, while women in Ulaanbaatar (BZD- 18.9%, SKHD- 24.7%) received the information and advice at the lowest percentage. Pregnant women in Ulaanbaatar were less involved in air pollution training than in Bayankhongor. Participants in the air pollution prevention training rated it as “satisfied” regardless of location. 37.2% of pregnant women obtained information on protecting their health from air pollution from the board of Family Health Center and 34% from their district health centers. 86.1% of the participants were able to obtain information on air pollution on their own, while 86% of them got information from their family and friends. Conclusion The percentage of pregnant women getting medical advice, training, and information on air pollution prevention from hospitals during their antenatal care visits was the highest in rural areas. Moreover, their level of satisfaction with counseling had been rated as “satisfied”. Pregnant women often seek information on air pollution prevention from non-professional sources, such as their family and friends.

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered to be a worldwide threat to public health due to its high antimicrobial resistance rates and the severe infections it can cause. Little is known about this pathogen’s resistance in Mongolia. This report aims to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of A. baumannii at a tertiary hospital in Mongolia. The cross-sectional analysis was conducted at the tertiary care laboratory hospital in the First Central Hospital of Mongolia from 2013.01 to 2013.12 and from 2020.01 to 2020.12.
A total of 141 in 2013, 227 in 2020 consecutive microbiological reports were analyzed. A. baumannii was isolated. Epidemiological and microbiological data, including the isolation setting and patient information, were recorded. Prevalence of multi-drug and extensive-drug resistance was assessed according to international standards.
The median age of individuals was 22 years (2 – 35 years); female was the predominant gender (53%). The hospital’s intensive care units had the highest number of isolates (n = 226). The most frequent specimen from which A. baumannii was isolated was secretion of respiratory tract (n = 119). Resistance to carbapenems was reported to be 35% among the isolates (n = 115) in 2013 and 74.69% (n=135) respectively. This report reveals the threat of this pathogen to public health in Mongolia and appeals for antibiotic stewardship programs throughout all tertiary hospitals and other hospitals.