Background: Elite athletes regularly participate in national and international sporting competitions while simultaneously engaging in high-intensity and intensified training programs. Therefore, assessing changes in blood biochemical parameters is of considerable importance for evaluating athletes’ physiological adaptation to training loads. In particular, determining the activity of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in athletes’ blood plasma provides a scientific basis for improving individual performance, evaluating sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training programs. Aim: To examine plasma lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in athletes of the Mongolian National Team. Materials and Methods: A total of 51 athletes, including 26 men and 25 women from 6 types of sports of the Mongolian National Team included in the study. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Result: The average age of the participating was 24.04±4.15 years, with average height of 168±8.78 cm and average weight of 71.01±7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82±4.12 kg/m². Pre-exercise lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity averaged 177.1±28.96 U/L, while post-exercise lactate dehydrogenase activity averaged 223.5±51.56 U/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO2 max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase before and after exercise showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.01). When comparing lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.01).

Background: Sarcopenia is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. In recent years, neurotrophic and neuromuscular biomarkers have been investigated as potential diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia; however, evidence regarding their sex-specific differences remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the sex-specific associations of serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels with sarcopenia and muscle-related parameters among older adults. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included adults aged 60 years and older. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) criteria. Serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels were measured using ELISA. Group differences were analyzed using independent t-tests, correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis, and diagnostic performance for sarcopenia was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants in either the male or female groups (all p>0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated AUC values ranging from 0.540 to 0.542 in males and from 0.508 to 0.530 in females for BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.04–1.21, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66–0.91, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia, whereas BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 showed no independent association with sarcopenia. Conclusions 1. No statistically significant sex-specific differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults (all p>0.05). 2. CAF22 levels were weakly negatively correlated with muscle mass and fat-free mass index in males (p<0.05), whereas BDNF levels showed weak positive correlations with handgrip strength and fat-free mass index in females (p<0.05). CAF22 levels also demonstrated a weak positive correlation with age (p<0.05). 3. ROC and multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated limited diagnostic utility of BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 for sarcopenia (AUC=0.508–0.542), and none of these biomarkers showed an independent association with sarcopenia (all p>0.05). In contrast, older age (OR=1.12, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder involving many organs and can devastate the lives of affected individuals. It is characterized by chronic high blood glucose that could lead to morbidity and mortality. The number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide is increasing at an alarming rate. It is predicted that about 366 million people are likely to be diabetic by the year 2030. Since all of the previous studies have focused on the therapeutic role of (Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) preparations in diabetes mellitus, we investigated the preventive effect of oral administration of (Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) extract on the changes of biochemical factors and histopathology alterations in hepatic tissue caused by diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of water extract (Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) on the metabolism of rats with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Aim: To investigate the antidiabetic properties of aqueous extract of (Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) and its beneficial effect on hematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Experimental was performed at the Institute of Mongolian Medicine and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University. Male Wistar rats weighing (180 g) were obtained from The Animal Experimental Unit of Mongolia Medicine and Chemistry Research Center, Inner Mongolia University. The rats were housed in well-aerated individual cages in an animal room and maintained in a temperature-controlled room (24±25°C) with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, 50-60 % humidity. They were fed with normal commercial chow and water ad libitum. Throughout the experiments, animals were processed according to the suggested international ethical guidelines for the care of laboratory animals, and all experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Inner Mongolia University. After 4 weeks, the rats were fasted for 8 h before blood sampling, water was not restricted. Blood samples were collected from the orbital venous plexus. Results: The blood glucose level was significantly increased in model group 24.14±2.28 mmol/L, to Control group 5.31±0.49 mmol/L. Oral administration of Allium polyrhizum Turcz.ex Regel treated group 10.5±4.05 mmol/L, Metformin treated group 9.05±2.71 mmol/L resulted in significantly decreased blood glucose levels less model group. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that Allium polyrhizum Turcz.ex Regel possesses hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats and therapy of diabetes and its complications especially when used for a longer period.

Background: Due to Mongolia’s harsh climate and seasonal limitations in fresh food supply, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants are often consumed in preserved forms. However, the preservation methods and storage conditions may significantly alter their antioxidant activity, which is crucial for mitigating oxidative stress and preventing chronic diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 19 commonly consumed vegetables, berries, and dried medicinal plants under different storage conditions including fresh, cold storage (cellar), and frozen (-20°C). Methods: Samples were extracted in 80% methanol and tested using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. IC⁻⁻ values were calculated to compare antioxidant potency. Statistical differences were assessed using paired and unpaired t-tests with SPSS v27 (p<0.05) Results: Cold storage significantly reduced antioxidant activity in root vegetables, with IC⁻⁻ values increasing by 2.4 to 13.5 times (p<0.01), indicating diminished radical scavenging potencial. In contrast, frozen samples showed minimal change (p>0.05). Dried medicinal plants such as Rosa canina and Thymus serpyllum maintained strong activity, with IC⁻⁻<50 μg/mL. Conclusion Cellar storage leads to a notable decline in antioxidant capacity of common vegetables, while freezing is a more effective method for preservation. Dried medicinal herbs remain potent sources of antioxidants and may be recommended for year-round use in Mongolian diets.

Background: The synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles by integrating the bioactive properties of the ethanol extract of Urtica dioica L. a medicinal plant widely distributed in Mongolia, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) serves as the foundation of the present study. The aim is to produce nanoparticles with synergistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Objective: To synthesise dual-action nanoparticles (NPs) by integrating ZnO with the extract of Urtica dioica L. and to characterise their properties. Materials and Methods: The Control group, as ZnO-NPs, and the study group, as medicinal plant ethanol extraction loaded nanoparticles (UD-ZnO-NPs), were synthesised using green synthesis techniques. The morphology and particle size were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), chemical bonding was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and crystalline structure was examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic activity assays were conducted to assess cytotoxicity. Results: The Control and study group’s morphology and size distribution were uniform and spherical. The average particle size of the study group (UD-ZnO NPs) was 63 nm, while the control group (ZnO-NPs) was 77 nm. FTIR analysis showed that the basic chemical bonds in both types of nanoparticles were similar; however, additional peaks corresponding to the bioactive compounds from the Urtica dioica extract were detected in the UD ZnO-NPs. XRD analysis revealed that both types of ZnO-NPs investigated the same crystalline structure, consistent with the standard reference data (JCPDS No. 36 1451). Hemolysis assays showed that at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/ mL, the hemolytic activity was below 5%, indicating low cytotoxicity. Conclusion ZnO-NPs with and without Urtica dioica extract were successfully synthesized via a green method, yielding spherical, uniformly dispersed particles ranging from 63 to 77 nm in size. While the structural and crystalline characteristics of the NPs remained consistent, the presence of bioactive compounds was confirmed in the UD-ZnO-NPs. Hemolytic assays indicated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, highlighting the importance of concentration in biomedical applications.

Background: Identifying reliable biomarkers for early detection, risk stratification, and prognosis of CVD in the context of CKD is, therefore, of critical importance. Cystatin C has emerged as a potential biomarker capable of reflecting both cardiac injury and renal impairment, particularly in patients with arterial hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum cystatin C levels, left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic kidney disease in individuals with hypertension. Objective: To assess serum cystatin C concentrations in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease secondary to arterial hypertension. Materials and Methods: A case-control analytical study was conducted, enrolling 44 patients aged 45 years or older with both left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease due to arterial hypertension alongside a control group of apparently healthy individuals. Serum cystatin C levels were measured using immunoturbidimetric assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Group comparisons were made using independent-sample t-tests, while multivariate regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were employed to explore associations and the predictive value of cystatin C. Results: The mean serum cystatin C concentration in the case group was 1.6±0.1 mg/L, significantly higher than in the control group (0.88±0.03 mg/L, p<0.05). Similarly, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was markedly reduced in the case group (44.88±6.8 mL/min/1.73 m²) compared to the controls (92.88±3.4 mL/ min/1.73 m², p<0.05). In the case group, a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between serum cystatin C levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a regression coefficient of β=−0.028 (p<0.006). Conclusion The elevated serum cystatin C levels (1.6±0.1 mg/L) and decreased eGFR (38.99±12.7 mL/min/1.73 m²) observed in the case group suggest that cystatin C may serve as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy due to arterial hypertension and chronic kidney disease, as well as for predicting related complications.

Background: Regularly participate international High-level in sports athletes national and competitions and engage in intense training, developing endurance and resilience. Measuring blood lactate levels is crucial for improving an athlete’s performance, assessing sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training. Aim: To study the relationship between lactate levels in the blood plasma and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Mongolian National Team athletes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 51 athletes from the Mongolian National Team. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Results: The average age of the participants was 24.04 ± 4.15 years, with an average height of 168 ± 8.78 cm and an average weight of 71.01 ± 7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82 ± 4.12 kg/m². Pre exercise lactate levels averaged 3.84 ± 0.75 mmol/L, while post-exercise lactate levels averaged 9.67±3.52 mmol/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO₂ max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The lactate levels before and after exercise among the athletes participating in the study showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.0001). When comparing lactate levels before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.0001)

Introduction: The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in general interest in and research into vitamin D, with many athletes now taking vitamin D supplements as part of their everyday dietary regimen. The most recognized role of vitamin D is its regulation of calcium homeostasis; there is a strong relationship between vitamin D and bone health in non-athletic individuals. Vitamin D is responsible for regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton. It is also known as an immunomodulatory hormone. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D, exerts immunologic activities on multiple components of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as endothelial membrane stability. Studying the level of vitamin D in athletes in relation to age group, body mass index, and type of sport is important for reducing the risk of injury and infection in athletes and improving performance and success in sports. Goal: To determine the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in the plasma of the trained athletes and their vitamin D status to compare of their sports type. Materials and Methods:
Sample size
Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 71 athletes aged 20-43 from the sports medicine research center and the national team was selected by sampling.
Method of the Laboratory analyses
The body mass index and blood plasma level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D of the athletes participating in the study were compared by sports type and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Comparison of survey data was performed using Pearson’s correlation method. Results: In the study, 71 athletes of the Mongolian national team participated in 5 types of sports. Descriptive analysis was performed on the general parameters of the athletes, body mass index, type of sport, level of vitamin D in the blood, etc.
An avarege level of vitamin D of the athletes who participated in our study were 22.27±12.9 ng/ml, in the age group of 20-29 years, and compared to the body mass index, it was the highest level in the athletes of normal weight. Conclusions
1. The level of vitamin D of the athletes who participated in our study was the highest in the age group of 20-29 years, 22.27±12.9 ng/ml, and compared to the body mass index, it was the highest level in the athletes of normal weight.
When studying the level of vitamin D of the participants in comparison with the type of sport, the freestyle wrestlers had a higher level of 34.75±15.13 ng/ml, while the judo wrestlers had a lower level of 12.69±5.17 ng/ml.

Introduction: Although bacterial vaginosis prevalence varies across countries and populations, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate that 23–29% of women of reproductive age are infected. Each year, 21.2 million (22.9%) women between the ages of 14 and 49 in the United States develop bacterial vaginosis. Microenvironments are interconnected with the endocrine, immune, and other organ systems and dependent upon external and internal environmental influences. In women between the ages of 15 and 44, bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal disorder, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In our nation, 93.4% of women who are of reproductive age have vaginalis; the percentage of cases with Gardnerella vaginalis alone is 22.6%, and 53.1% have it in combination with other anaerobic bacteria, which is a significant percentage. Our research is based on the lack of information about the vaginal environment of Mongolian women and factors influencing changes in the microenvironment. Our research is based on the lack of information about the vaginal environment of Mongolian women and factors influencing changes in the microenvironment. Goal: The objective is to study how age relates to the development of bacterial and fungal vaginitis through the analysis of vaginal swabs. Materials and Methods: For our study, we selected 100 women aged 20-59 through targeted sampling from clients who underwent vaginal smear tests at “Yu Bi Lab” laboratory and “Tsetsuu” diagnostic center in Ulaanbaatar in 2023. Vaginal smear analysis was conducted using Nugent’s criteria and Gram staining. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing pathogens among the participants based on age using Pearson’s correlation method. We obtained permission to conduct research.
Through the Etugen University Biomedical Ethics Comittee convention held on march 11,2024 Results: The study divided 100 women into four age groups to examine the vaginal environment with their age and the factors influencing it. The research aimed to understand how bacterial vaginitis and fungal vaginitis evolve during reproductive age and menopause. Among the age groups, women aged 20-29 had an average of 5.59±3.35 epithelial cells (n=32), those aged 30-39 had 6.10±3.29 (n=37), women aged 40-49 had 6.70±3.90 (n=17), and women aged 50-59 had the highest number of epithelial cells at 9.42±8.19 (n=14), representing 34% of the group. Conclusion
1. Women of reproductive and menopausal age experience changes in the vaginal environment due to various factors. This includes a decrease in the ratio of normal microorganisms and lactobacilli, an increase in the number of conditional pathogens, and the development of an alkaline environment in the vagina.
2. Bacterial vaginitis predominantly affects younger women, with symptoms often being subtle. In contrast, fungal vaginitis is more common among menopausal women. Lower estrogen levels in women in this age group cause lactobacilli to break down glycogen less efficiently into lactic acid, even though the number of lactobacilli is still normal. This research implies that suppositories and estrogen pills may help treat these problems for women between the ages of 40 and 59.

Introduction: The average age of the population varies in every country of the world, which depends on the changes that occur in the body during aging and many external and internal factors that affect it. Thyroid hormones play an important role in ensuring and maintaining normal metabolic function throughout life. Our country is located in a mountainous region of the mainland, the amount of iodine in drinking water is low, and the amount of iodine taken from food is low, which creates the risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Therefore, we aimed to study how the thyroid function changes with age in Mongolian people. Goal: A comparative study of thyroid hormone secretion levels in adult women. Material and Method: In our study, 83 women over the age of 20 were selected based on the “Yu Bi Lab” diagnostic center. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrotropin (TSH) of the women participating in the study were determined using the FHU method using the Magiwel ELISA diagnostic kit manufactured by United Biotech. Results: 81 women over 20 years of age participated in our study, the average age was 44.45±14.17, and the participants were divided into 5 groups with 10 age intervals. 20-29 years 18% (n=15) average age 24.6±2.64, 30-39 years 22% (n=18) average age 33.6± 3.12, 40-49 years 16% (n=13) average age 45.15±1.67, 50-59 years 25% (n=20) average age 54.15±2.99, 60-69 years 19% (n=15) average age 63.73± 3.05, were. Conclusion
1. When comparing T3 and T4 hormones by age group, T3 hormone is higher in the 30-39 age group at 5.05 ng/ml. The T4 hormone gradually decreases with age.
2. Thyroiodin hormone increased with age. The relationship between the age of the participants and TSH hormone was directly related to statistical age when calculated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p=0.01).