Objective:To investigate the pulmonary function in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD)and the association between pulmonary function and motor symptoms.Methods:A total of 104 PD patients were included in the study,and a portable spirometer was used to assess pulmonary function.According to the results of pulmonary function,the patients were divided into ventilation dys-function group with 37 patients and non-ventilation dysfunction with 67 patients,and clinical data were compared between the two groups.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the factors associated with abnormal pulmonary function,and a Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between pulmonary function parameters and motor symptoms.Results:There were significant differences in the scores of bradykinesia and postural gait between the two groups(P<0.05),and the logistic regression analysis showed a positive correlation between pulmonary ventilation dysfunction and postural gait score(regression coefficient β=0.171,95%CI=1.015-1.386,P=0.032).There were significant differences between the patients with different stages of PD in the pulmonary function parameters of the percentage of forced vital capacity in predicted value(t=2.143,P=0.034),the percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second(t=2.118,P=0.037),the percentage of predicted peak expiratory flow(t=2.002,P=0.048),maximum expiratory pressure as a percentage of predicted value(t=2.412,P=0.018),and maximum inspiratory pressure as a percentage of predicted value(t=2.119,P=0.036).Conclusion:The pulmonary function parameters of PD patients are lower than expected values,and the incidence rate of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction is 35.58%,with the main manifestation of restrictive ventilatory dysfunction.There is a correlation between pulmonary function and motor symptoms in PD patients.

Lymphatic system is the transportation way of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid exchange. And this system is a central nervous drainage system which plays an important role in drainaging and discharging of metabolic waste in the brain. The function of this system can be evaluated indirectly by the perivascular space on magnetic resonance imaging. Parkinson′s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder. It may be helpful to control the progression of the disease if the changes of perivascular space can be dynamically observed in the early or even prodromal stage of the disease. This article reviews the relationship between lymphatic system disfunction and early stage of Parkinson′s disease.

Speech disorders are the earliest sign of motor impairment in Parkinson′s disease (PD), even before limb dyskinesia. Patient′s quality of life can be affected significantly by the presence and severity of speech pathology. The early diagnosis is particularly necessary for PD with speech disorders. The abnormal phenomena in acoustic analysis have occurred in the early stage of PD. The voice of PD patients manifests characteristic changes on acoustic analyses, which is helpful for the diagnosis of PD, while the neural correlation of these features are not clear. In this paper, the speech features and functional imaging changes of patients with PD are described, and the mechanism of speech disorders is further revealed, and clues for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PD are provided.

Methods for achieving diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on speech data mining have been proven effective in recent years. However, due to factors such as the degree of disease of the data collection subjects and the collection equipment and environment, there are different categories of sample aliasing in the sample space of the acquired data set. Samples in the aliased area are difficult to be identified effectively, which seriously affects the classification accuracy of the algorithm. In order to solve this problem, a partition bagging ensemble learning is proposed in this article, which measures the aliasing degree of the sample by designing the the ratio of sample centroid distance metrics and divides the training set into multiple subsets. And then the method of transfer training of misclassified samples is used to adjust the results of subset partitioning. Finally, the optimized weights of each sub-classifier are used to integrate the test results. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the proposed method is significantly improved on two public datasets and the increasement of mean accuracy is up to 25.44%. This method not only effectively improves the classification accuracy of PD speech dataset, but also increases the sample utilization rate, providing a new idea for the diagnosis of PD.
Algorithms ; Data Mining ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Parkinson Disease ; diagnosis ; Speech

Pain is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, incidence of which is high. PD patients with pain are not only prone to anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and other non-motor symptoms, but also accompanied with motor complications, causing the quality of life declined. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters participate in the conduction of sensory pathways in the central nervous system. PD patients were also found that GABA regulation of the sensory pathway is impaired, indicating that GABA is also involved in the occurrence of central pain in PD. In this article we aim to elucidate the role of GABA in the central sensory pathway, and the pathological anatomy, animal anatomy, clinical image and clinical application of GABA damage in pain-related sensory pathways in PD.

Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on speech data has been proved to be an effective way in recent years. However, current researches just care about the feature extraction and classifier design, and do not consider the instance selection. Former research by authors showed that the instance selection can lead to improvement on classification accuracy. However, no attention is paid on the relationship between speech sample and feature until now. Therefore, a new diagnosis algorithm of PD is proposed in this paper by simultaneously selecting speech sample and feature based on relevant feature weighting algorithm and multiple kernel method, so as to find their synergy effects, thereby improving classification accuracy. Experimental results showed that this proposed algorithm obtained apparent improvement on classification accuracy. It can obtain mean classification accuracy of 82.5%, which was 30.5% higher than the relevant algorithm. Besides, the proposed algorithm detected the synergy effects of speech sample and feature, which is valuable for speech marker extraction.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of rifampicin in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia /reperfusion ( GCIR) and discuss the influence of rifampicin on microglial activation.Methods:The GCIR rat model was induced via the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and systemic hypotension.Forty-two male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were randomly assigned to three groups:sham group ,I/R and I/R+FRP treated group.The rats in I/R+RFP group were treated with rifampicin 20 mg/kg by intra-peritoneal injection 30 min after reperfusion , while the other groups were treated with normal saline.Morris water maze test was performed for neurobehavioral test ,HE staining was detected for pathomorphology changes of neurons in CA 1 region.Microglia was im-munohistochemically stained in CA 1 region using ionized calcium adaptive molecular 1 ( IBA-1) as the marker.The protein levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin the hippocampal tissues of rats were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Rifampin improved the behavior ,shorten the escape latency of rats following GCIR obviously ( P<0.05 ) and reduced the neuron damage in hipp-ocampal CA1 region of rats after GCIR (P<0.05).Additionally,in I/R+FRP treated group the activation of microglia also showed a significantly inhibited compared with I/R group(P<0.05).Futhermore,we also found the expression of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin hipp-ocampal reduced obviously in I/R+FRP group ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion: Rifampin have obvious protective effect in the rat model of GCIR.The underlying mechanism may be associated with inhibition the activation of microglia ,reduction the expression of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αand suppression the inflammatory response finally.

Aim To investigate the effects of baicalin on cognitive function in global cerebral ischemia reper-fusion rats, and the probable mechanism involved. Methods Sixty male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into Sham operation group ( S group) , global cerebral ischemia reperfusion group ( I/R group) , global cerebral ischemia reperfusion + ba-icalin treatment group ( I/RB group) , twenty in each. Model was induced via the bilateral occlusion of the
common carotid arteries plus hemorrhagic hypotension. 12 h after reperfusion, rats in I/RB group were given baicalin (100 mg·kg-1 ) saline solution by intragas-tric administration twice per day for 7 days. Rats in S group and I/R group were given the corresponding dose of saline infusion at the same time. Morris water maze test was employed to detect spatial learning and memo-ry. BrdU immunohistochemistry was used to detect the proliferation of neural precursor cells ( NPCs ) in the
brain. Expression of COX-2 in the brain tissue was measured by Western blot. Results Compared to I/R group, baicalin improved spatial learning and memory damage ( P <0. 05 ) , increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the DG and SVZ ( P<0. 01 ) , and re-duced the expression of COX-2 in the brain ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusions Baicalin could ameliorate cog-
nitive function in the rats with global cerebral ischemia reperfusion, which might be associated with its inhibi-tory effects on the expression of COX-2 , thereby in-creasing the proliferation of NPCs in the brain.

BACKGROUND: Tongxinluo acts on benefiting qi, promoting circulation in collateral, activating blood circulation and resolving stasis, which is well effective in treatment of ischemic cerebral vascular disease. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides reliable reference evidence objectively and sensitively for clinical evaluation of therapeutic effects.OBJECTIVE: SPECT and clinical neurofunctional defect score (NDS)were used to observe the therapeutic effect of tongxinluo capsule on cerebral infarction.DESIGN: Case analysis was designed.SETTING: Internal Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 22 cases of acute cerebral infarction were admitted in Internal Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from March 2002 and July 2003, in which 12 cases were male and 10 cases were female, aged varied from 40 to 78 years, sick duration in range from 3 hours to 3 days.METHODS: Voluntarily, 22 cases of acute cerebral infarction were randomized in tongxinluo capsule group (capsule group)(11 cases) and the control (11 cases). In the control, danshen tablet was administrated,4 tablet/time, 3 times/d. In capsule group, tongxinluo capsule group was administrated, 4 pills/time, 3 times/d. The drugs were administrated for 15 days in two groups. Before and after treatment, SPECT ROI technique was used to assay ROI average radioactive counts on the affected and healthy sides to understand local blood flowing volume of brain in two groups. Neurofunctional defect evaluation was done before and after treatment on each patient.in two groups.RESULTS: Totally 22 cases of cerebral infarction all entered result analcontrol after treatment [(49.182±5.344 5), (28.364±4.610 3) score P ＜ 0.001].the affected side of the control and treatment group before treatment was decreased. Fifteen days after treatment, the volume in original decreased flowing area of brain was improved after taking the capsule (66.536±18.676,ter administration of the capsule reflected in SPECT radionuclide, but it was not improved remarkably in the control.CONCLUSION: Tongxinluo capsule improves definitely cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebral infarction. With improvement of blood flowing in brain, the neurofunctional defect score is promoted clinically, too. It is explained that the capsule promotes the recovery of nerve function.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of quantitative sensory test(QST) in anxiety neurosis patients and to evaluate the effect of anti-anxiety treatment.Methods:30 anxiety neurosis patients with subjective sensory disturbance,20 diabetes patients and 46 health controls were chosen.Each person's thermal thresholds of both left and right thenar and instep were tested.The results of QST were compared among each other.Results:The thermal thresholds of the patients with anxiety neruosis were lower than those of the patients with diabetes and healthy controls( P