Background: The growth, development, and health of preschool children are significantly influenced by the conditions of their living and learning environments. In particular, the sanitary conditions of the outdoor environment of kindergartens play an important role in children’s physical activity, play behavior, psychological well-being, and the prevention of infectious diseases. Since children spend a considerable amount of time in kindergarten settings and actively use playgrounds and outdoor spaces, ensuring that these environments meet hygiene and safety standards is a fundamental requirement for protecting their health (Hills, A.P.et all, 2007) [1]. International studies have demonstrated that the outdoor environment of preschool educational institutions has a direct impact on children’s health and physical activity. According to these studies, the presence of green spaces, open areas, and a variety of playground equipment in kindergarten outdoor environments increases children’s physical activity and promotes their overall well-being [2]. A study conducted in Sweden has shown that the quality of the outdoor environment is associated with children’s health. The findings indicate that improvements in the outdoor conditions of kindergartens are positively associated with children’s body weight, stress levels, and overall well (Baranowski, T. Et all, 1993) [5]. Objective : To conduct a hygiene assessment of the outdoor environments of kindergartens in Bayangol District. Material and Method: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 39 public kindergartens in Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, were selected using a census sampling approach. Data were collected using questionnaires, measurements, observations, and surveys.
Quantitative data collected during the study were coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Word 2016, and SPSS version 27. The total land area of each kindergarten was measured in square meters and calculated per child based on enrollment figures. These values were compared against the MNS 6558:2015 standard to assess adequacy.
Descriptive statistical methods, including mean (x̄ ), standard deviation (SD), frequency, and percentage, were applied to summarize data obtained from observations and questionnaires on environmental conditions, sanitation, and hygiene indicators. The results were presented using tables and graphical representations. Result : The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of kindergartens operate in aging facilities, with 22% functioning for more than 36 years, while newly established institutions remain limited (5%).
Across 39 public kindergartens, the average area per child (18.3 m²) was below the national standard, with more pronounced deficits in ger districts (17.27 m²) compared to apartment areas (18.57m²), representing insufficiencies of 40.5% and 33.1%, respectively.
Although basic infrastructure was generally present, critical gaps were identified in key environmental conditions. Only 40% of playgrounds met required standards, and 8% were absent. Fire safety systems were inadequate in 32% of kindergartens, while 40% lacked proper waste sorting facilities. Playground surfaces were predominantly hard (66.7% cement), posing increased risk of injury.
The mean knowledge score of kindergarten directors on environmental and building standards was 50.6%, reflecting moderate competency with notable deficiencies in waste management, site planning, and safety-related regulations. Conclusion The environmental health conditions of kindergartens in Bayangol district do not fully meet relevant standards. Insufficient space per child and limited playground areas may negatively affect children’s health and safety.
Despite substantial work experience among directors, their knowledge of hygiene standards and environmental requirements is inconsistent and generally inadequate, particularly in technical areas such as waste management and safety regulations.

Background: Class III malocclusion is considered to be one of the most difficult and complex orthodontic problems to treat. For patients whose orthodontic problems are so severe that neither growth modification nor camouflage offers solution, surgery to realign the jaws or reposition dentoalveolar segments is the only possible treatment option left. Aim: The treatment objectives were to: (1) level and align the dental arches; (2) obtain an ideal overbite and overjet, to establish correct anterior guidance; and (3) improve the facial profile. Case: Patient is present with skeletal Class III malocclusion, concave facial profile, facial proportion 0.96:1:1.04, loss of occlusion due to early molar teeth loss, molar and canine relationship were Class III, overbite 0 mm, overjet -1 mm, midline shifted into the 6 mm left side. Results: Excellent facial and occlusal results were achieved with this surgical-orthodontic management, post-treatment results showed a Class I relationship and ideal overjet and overbite. The facial profile became straight type. Conclusion This case report describes the treatment of a female with dental and skeletal class III relationships. Surgical- orthodontic treatment was the best option for achieving an acceptable occlusion and a good esthetic result in this case. An experienced multidisciplinary team approach ensures a satisfactory outcome.

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

Study objective is to determine the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DPB), prevalence of hypertension (HTN), treatment status, and respective trends in Mongolian population during 2005-2009.Two independent cross-sectional population-based surveys were carried out in 2005 and 2009 to monitor cardiovascular risk factors in men and women aged 15-64 years. The surveys were conducted according to the WHO STEP wise approach.