Quantitative CT (QCT) is a method of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) of human based on a CT machine,calibrated by QCT body model and analyzed by professional software.Compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,QCT can not only assess the cortical and cancellous BMD but also exclude the influences of osteophytes and aortic/vascular calcification,thus being capable of accurately reflecting patients' bone mass.In recent years,increasing studies on QCT and osteoporosis (OP) have been carried out,and the application of QCT in the diagnosis of OP,evaluation of vertebral bone conditions,prediction of fracture risks,and assessment of anti-OP treatment is garnering increasing attention from researchers at home and abroad.This article reviews the research progress in this field,aiming to provide a reference for the research on QCT in the diagnosis and treatment of OP.
Humans ; Osteoporosis/diagnosis* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Bone Density

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the advances in MRI-based bone quality scoring systems and their clinical applications. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on recent studies related to the MRI-based bone quality scoring system, focusing on measurement methods, influencing factors, and clinical significance. RESULTS: Osteoporosis has a high incidence in China, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and the postoperative outcomes of related orthopedic surgeries. Early identification of osteoporosis holds important clinical significance. In recent years, both domestic and international research has enriched the MRI-based bone quality scoring systems, which includes vertebral bone quality scoring, endplate bone quality scoring, and pedicle bone quality scoring. Compared to the "gold standard" of bone density measurement, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, the bone quality scoring systems demonstrate good efficacy in identifying abnormal bone mass and predicting postoperative complications, while being less influenced by degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, indicating its important clinical application value. CONCLUSION The MRI-based bone quality scoring systems have good value in clinical applications. However, current studies are mostly retrospective cohort and case-control studies, which carry a risk of bias. The clinical application value needs further clarification through meta-analysis and large-scale prospective studies.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Bone Density ; Osteoporosis/diagnosis* ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging* ; Quality of Life ; Postoperative Complications

OBJECTIVES: To propose a single repetition time (TR) quantitative magnetic susceptibility imaging method for the lumbar spine using bipolar readout gradient, and compare the quantitative magnetic susceptibility measurement using single TR and dual TR methods for the lumbar spine with different bone densities. METHODS: A translation correction method was proposed to correct spatial misalignment along the frequency encoding direction between positive and negative gradient readout images, and the phase difference between the images was eliminated using a phase correction method. The data of lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 were collected using single TR and dual TR methods from 6 normal individuals, 2 patients with osteopenia, and 2 patients with osteoporosis. The magnetic susceptibility map was reconstructed, the quantitative results of single TR before and after correction were compared with those of the dual TR method. RESULTS: The linear regression result of the lumbar spine magnetic susceptibility values obtained by the single TR method before calibration and the dual TR method is Y=0.64*X-11.61. The linear regression result of the lumbar spine magnetic susceptibility values corrected by the single TR method and the dual TR method is Y=1.03*X+0.25. The results of the corrected single TR method were highly consistent with those of the dual TR method, and the calibrated single TR method could effectively distinguish osteopenia and osteoporosis patients from normal individuals. CONCLUSIONS The calibrated single TR bipolar readout gradient method can generate artifact-free lumbar spine quantitative magnetic susceptibility distribution maps and reduce data acquisition time by 50%.
Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Osteoporosis/diagnosis* ; Adult ; Bone Density ; Aged ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnosis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiologic and serologic factors related to postoperative union using intramedullary (IM) internal fixation in atypical femoral fractures (AFF), which are closely related to bisphosphonates (BPs) for osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From February 2008 to December 2016, 65 patients (71 cases) who had undergone IM nail fixation after diagnosis of AFF were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into group A, who experienced union within 6 months and group B, who did not experience union within 6 months. They were evaluated for duration of BPs use, radiologic factors and serological factors. RESULTS: The mean duration of BPs use was 6.17 years in group A and 8.24 years in group B (p=0.039). In the subtrochanteric area, there were 14 cases (27.5%) in group A and 14 cases (70.0%) in group B. In the femoral shaft, there were 37 cases (72.5%) in group A and 6 cases (30.0%) in group B (p=0.001). On the preoperative, the flexion in the coronal plane was 5.9° (2.1°–9.2°) in group A and 8.0° (3.1°–12.1°) in group B (p=0.041). On the postoperative, conversion to valgus was 15 cases (29.4%), 8 cases (40.0%); conversion to neutral was 34 cases (66.7%) and 8 cases (40.0%); conversion to varus was 2 cases (3.9%) and 4 cases (20.0%), each (p=0.037). The fracture site gap was 1.5 mm (0–2.9 mm) on the front side and 1.2 mm (0–2.2 mm) on lateral side and 2.2 mm (0.9–4.7 mm) and 1.9 mm (0.5–3.5 mm), each (p=0.042, p=0.049). Among serological factors, there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Factors adversely affecting the union should be recognized before surgery, such as longterm BPs use or a severe degree of bending of the femur in the coronal plane. During surgery, proper reduction and spacing of the fracture site on the coronal plane should allow adequate reduction of the anterior and posterior surfaces. Obtaining anatomic reduction would be most beneficial for union, but if that is not possible, obtaining congenital valgus rather than varus on the coronal plane may be helpful for union.
Diagnosis ; Diphosphonates ; Femoral Fractures ; Femur ; Humans ; Osteoporosis

BACKGROUND: This study examined the change in the trabecular bone score (TBS), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women who underwent thyrotropin (TSH)-suppressive therapy for treating papillary thyroid cancer after a total thyroidectomy procedure. METHODS: We evaluated 36 postmenopausal women who received a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer and were undergoing TSH suppressive therapy with levothyroxine. Postmenopausal women (n=94) matched for age and body mass index were recruited as healthy controls. The aBMD and TBS of the lumbar spine were compared between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at follow-up after an average of 4.92 years. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the rate of diagnoses of osteoporosis, osteopenia, or normal bone status between the 2 groups during the baseline DXA evaluation. However, the TBS was significantly lower whereas aBMD did not show significant difference at the time of baseline DXA measurement (1st DXA, 1.343±0.098 vs. 1.372±0.06317, P < 0.001; 2nd DXA, 1.342±0.095 vs. 1.370±0.062, P < 0.001). The TBS and aBMD did not differ significantly between the initial and follow-up DXA images in both groups of TSH suppressive patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: The average value of TBS and aBMD did not significantly change during the follow-up period. The TSH suppressive therapy was revealed as not a significant factor for the progressive deterioration of bone status during long term follow-up.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; Postmenopause ; Spine ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of dizziness with a high recurrence rate. This study aimed to analyze the recurrence rate and the risk factors for recurrence using the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC 2002–2013) data. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Patients aged 20 years or older who were diagnosed with BPPV in the period of 2002–2012 and had at least 1 year of monitoring period were included in this study. The diagnosis of BPPV was made when the code for BPPV (KCD-6 code H811) was used or when canalith reposition therapy (EDI code MX035) was entered even in cases with different diagnoses. The risk factors of BPPV recurrence were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the total of 21355 patients diagnosed with BPPV, 5876 patients (28%) demonstrated recurrence. Multiple recurrences were common. When using the univariate regression analysis, age, sex, vestibular disease, headache, osteoporosis, and ischemic heart disease were found significant. When the patients were classified into 4 groups according to age and sex, vestibular diseases were found as a common risk factor for recurrence in all groups, while headache, osteoporosis, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease were significant in females. CONCLUSION: The recurrence rate of BPPV in the Korean adult population was approximately 28% and recurrences were more common in patients aged over 65 and in females. Patients with vestibular diseases were at a higher risk of recurrence regardless of age or sex, while headache, osteoporosis, hypertension and ischemic heart disease increased the risk of recurrence in females.
Adult ; Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo* ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Dizziness ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Methods ; Myocardial Ischemia ; National Health Programs ; Osteoporosis ; Recurrence* ; Risk Factors* ; Vestibular Diseases

In the current era of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection became a chronic disorder that requires long term follow-up. Among other medical issues, these patients may develop endocrine problems, specific to HIV infection and its treatment. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of common endocrine complications associated with HIV infection, and to propose diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. HIV can affect the endocrine system at several levels. Adrenal and gonadal dysfunction, osteoporosis with increased fracture risk, dyslipidemia with increased cardiovascular risk, are some of the endocrine disorders prevalent in HIV-infected patients that may negatively influence quality of life, and increase morbidity and mortality. While ARTs have dramatically increased life expectancy in the HIV-infected population, they are not devoid of adverse effects, including endocrine dysfunction. Physicians caring for HIV-infected patients should be knowledgeable and exercise a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of endocrine abnormalities, and in particular be aware of those that can be life threatening. Endocrine evaluation should follow the same strategies as in the general population, including prevention, early detection, and treatment.
Anti-Retroviral Agents ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias ; Endocrine System Diseases ; Endocrine System ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonads ; HIV Infections ; HIV ; HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Life Expectancy ; Mortality ; Osteoporosis ; Quality of Life

BACKGROUND: There have been equivocal results in studies of the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) on fractures. In this study, we analyzed the effect of DPP-4i on bone fracture risk in a Korean population. METHODS: We extracted subjects (n = 11,164) aged 50 years or older from the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort 2.0 from 2009 to 2014. Our control group included subjects without diabetes (n = 5,582), and our treatment groups with diabetes included DPP-4i users (n = 1,410) and DPP-4i non-users (n = 4,172). The primary endpoint was the incidence of a composite outcome consisting of osteoporosis diagnosis, osteoporotic fractures, vertebral fractures, non-vertebral fractures, and femoral fractures. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of each individual component of the composite outcome. Survival analysis was performed with adjustment for age, gender, diabetes complications severity index, Charlson comorbidity index, hypertension medication, and dyslipidemia treatment. RESULTS: The incidence of the composite outcome per 1,000 person-years was 0.089 in DPP-4i users, 0.099 in DPP-4i non-users, and 0.095 in controls. There was no significant difference in fracture risk between DPP-4i users and DPP-4i non-users or controls after the adjustments (P > 0.05). The incidences of osteoporosis diagnosis, osteoporotic fractures, vertebral fractures, non-vertebral fractures, and femoral fractures were not significantly different between DPP-4i users and non-users. The results of subgroup analyses by gender and age were consistent. CONCLUSION: DPP-4i had no significant effect on the risk of fractures in a Korean population.
Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Dyslipidemias ; Femoral Fractures ; Fractures, Bone ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; National Health Programs ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoporotic Fractures

Due to advances in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, many women survive long after treatment, and therefore express concerns about the impact of estrogen deficiency on their quality of life. Cancer treatment can induce menopause through surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy, or radiation. Women who undergo induced menopause usually experience more sudden and severe menopausal symptoms, including vasomotor symptoms, psychological symptoms, genitourinary symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is especially important in women younger than 40. In this review, we consider the role of MHT after the diagnosis of breast, gynecologic, colorectal, stomach, liver, lung, and hematologic cancers. MHT is advantageous in endometrial cancer type I, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies. However, MHT is not recommended for use in breast cancer, endometrial stromal sarcoma, hormone receptor–positive gastric cancer, and lung cancer survivors because it is linked to an increased risk of cancer recurrence. Depending on the type of cancer, clinicians should recommend that cancer survivors receive appropriate MHT in order to reduce vasomotor symptoms and to benefit from its positive effects on the cardiovascular and skeletal systems.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Humans ; Liver ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Menopause ; Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence ; Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survivors

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a widely used technology used to diagnosis osteoporosis and monitor changes in bone mineral density (BMD). The present paper reviews the clinical application of DXA in evaluating osteoporosis, including indications for BMD testing, interpretation of DXA results, diagnosis of osteoporosis, and serial BMD follow up. As the clinical utility of DXA depends on the quality of the scan acquisition, the precision assessment of DXA is also discussed.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone Density ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Osteoporosis