Background: Liver transplantation has become an effective treatment option worldwide for a wide range of malignant and non-malignant liver diseases. In Mongolia, the high prevalence of single and co-infections with viral hepatitis is a major contributing factor to the development of liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. However, data on the indications, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of liver transplantation in the Mongolian population remain limited. Aim: To evaluate the indications and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing liver transplantation and to determine their survival outcomes. Materials and Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study included 238 patients who underwent liver transplantation at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia between 2018 and feb 2026. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the indication for transplantation: malignant and non-malignant liver diseases. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival were assessed using the log-rank test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean age of the liver transplant recipients was 49.0 ± 8.4 years. Relatively older male patients were more likely to undergo liver transplantation for malignant liver diseases, whereas younger female patients predominated among those transplanted for non-malignant conditions (p=0.0001). No statistically significant difference in body mass index was observed between the groups (p>0.05). MELD and Child–Pugh (CPT) scores, reflecting the severity and prognosis of liver disease, differed significantly between the two groups. However, no statistically significant difference in survival was observed between the groups at 1-, 3-, or 5- years after liver transplantation (p=0.974). Conclusion Although age, sex, and liver disease severity as assessed by MELD and Child–Pugh scores differed significantly between patients undergoing liver transplantation for malignant and non-malignant indications, no statistically significant difference was observed in survival at 1-, 3-, or 5- years following liver transplantation.

Background: Generation Z students, born after 1995, are characterized by their ability to multitask, low tolerance for traditional learning methods, impatience, short attention span, and preference for working independently rather than collaboratively. They are also considered more vulnerable to mental health challenges compared to previous generations. Aim: To assess the level of academic engagement among Generation Z students studying in the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from February 1 to April 1, 2025. A total of 420 students majoring in nursing, midwifery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and traditional medicine nursing at the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, participated in the study. The Student Course Engagement Questionnaire (Handelsman, 2005) was used to evaluate students’ engagement levels. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach’s α of 0.955. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the 420 participants, 91.9% were female and 8.1% were male. By major, 57.1% studied nursing, 22.6% midwifery, 8.8% physical therapy, and the remainder were from other disciplines. Student engagement was analyzed across three domains: academic involvement, personal responsibility and effort, and learning attitude and motivation. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between academic involvement and personal responsibility/ effort (r=0.828), learning attitude and motivation (r=0.825), and between responsibility/effort and learning attitude/ motivation (r=0.903) (p<0.01). Age showed a weak positive correlation with year of study (r=0.381), while major and year of study had a weak negative correlation (r= -0.146) (p<0.01). Year of study and learning motivation also showed a weak negative correlation (r=-0.107, p<0.05). Conclusion The learning motivation and class engagement of Generation Z nursing students were found to be strongly correlated with their sense of responsibility, effort, and learning attitude (r=0.82–0.90, p<0.01). Most students demonstrated consistent participation and motivation to learn, showed less interest in traditional teaching approaches, and preferred practical training.

Background: The aging of the world’s population will determine global health trends. According to the 2021 report of the Capital City Health Department, the average life expectancy of the Mongolian population is 71.3 years (male 67.3, female 76.7), the difference between male and female life expectancy is 9.4 years, and elderly people aged 60 and over account for 8.1% of the total population. The report also shows that 6.5% of all outpatient visits are for people aged 60-64, and 9% are for people aged 65 and over, which means that they do not receive adequate health care services. Therefore, it is important to increase the access to and quality of health care services provided to the elderly in order to improve their health and quality of life. Comorbidities that are common among the elderly are one of the pressing issues in the health sector. Aim: We aimed to study the prevalence and risk factors of multi-morbidities among older adults (aged sixty years and over) in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: To accomplish our aim, we conducted 156 lifestyle related questionnaires and 18 health related questionnaires among 720 older people in Ulaanbaatar city and rural areas, and created the database. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the quantitative influence of factors using single and multi-factor linear (β-coefficient) and binary logistic regression (odds ratio, CI 95%) methods, and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Apriori algorithm in SPSS was used to determine the relationship between multiple chronic diseases in the elderly people. Results: The prevalence of comorbidity was higher in urban areas (48.1%) and rural areas (51.9%), and ageing (urban areas OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 0.9-6.2; rural areas OR: 6.35, 95% CI: 1.47-27.4, P<0.01) was a risk factor of multi-morbidities. Multimorbidity is defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions, and 3, 4, and 5 chronic conditions were co-occurred to older adults with chronic conditions, 28.7% (165). 11 common patterns of relationships in urban areas and 18 common patterns of relationships in rural areas (support (A→B)>3%, confidence (A→B)>30%, lift (A→B)>1) were determined. Conclusion Multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas, 11 common patterns in urban areas and 18 common patterns in rural areas were determined. It has shown that the prevalence of multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas.

Background: The global urgency for environmentally friendly technologies has steadily intensified, and as a result, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties derived from medicinal plants traditionally used to combat bacterial infections has garnered significant interest. Goals: This research endeavors to synthesize silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants, widely recognized in traditional medicine, while elucidating their physical, chemical attributes, and biological potential. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of these silver nanoparticles, synthesized through phytosynthesis, were meticulously examined via various analytical techniques. Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), Photon Cross Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Crystallography (XRD) were employed for comprehensive analysis. Additionally, their antitumor efficacy was assessed via MTT assay utilizing RAW264.7 cell cultures, while antibacterial properties were evaluated through agar diffusion tests against selected bacterial strains. Results: Silver nanoparticles exhibited distinctive UV/Vis absorption peaks at 407-426 nm, affirming their composition. PCCS measurements revealed nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters spanning from ~100 nm to ~450 nm, while AFM imaging showcased spherical nanoparticles ranging from ~35 nm to ~97 nm. Crystallography analysis identified both simple cubic and polycrystalline structures. FTIR analysis unveiled the presence of organic compounds adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surfaces, in addition to silver bonds. Notably, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Banzdo plants demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth via the MTT assay. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against a range of test bacteria with inhibition zones spanning 1-4 mm. Conclusion This study successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants from traditional medicine, comprehensively characterizing their physicochemical attributes and demonstrating their biological activity. These findings hold promise for the future utilization of phytosynthetically derived silver nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND. Previous retrospective study from our team showed that RDW significantly increased in chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was to compare the value of RDW-CV with NT-pro BNP and evaluate sensitivity and specificity of RDW for diagnose of heart failure. MATEREALS AND METHOD. Here, we analyzed 20 patients who were suffering from heart failure and were treated in the department of Cardiology, First Clinical Hospital between in June 2017. All patients in the study group were underwent a complete blood count, immunoassay for NT-proBNP. The ejection fraction was analyzed by ECHO cardiograpy. RESULTS. 85.0% of patients were male and remained was female. RBC and RDW was significantly differentially measured in between CHF groups (р= 0.028 p=0.0001). In control groups without heart failure NT-proBNP was estimated up to 100 pg/ml, whereas it was definitelly increased in patient with CHF (р=0.0001). There was strong correlation between RDW and NT-proBNP (r =0.846, p=0.0001). sensitivity and specificity of RDW was 89%, and 74.3 % respectively in CHF. CONCLUSION. According to the our results there was direct correlation between RDW-CV and heart failure (p=0.035). RDW-CV migh be cost effective and routine laboratoty marker to evaulate CHF.

BACKGROUND. Regular blood donation can lead to pre-clinical iron deficiency as well as iron deficiency anemia. With Each donation donors lose 220-250 mg of iron. Early detection of iron deficiency is important for the blood donors and even useful for blood and blood product safety and supply. The research work we studied present Ret-HE to be used to detect the occurrence of iron deficiency eritrony level. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine Ret-He to have sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing iron deficiency than traditional iron measurements. Materials and methods: We performed a cross sectional and case control study of 156 blood donors who served National Center for Transfusion Medicine. Ret-He, hemoglobin, plasma iron and ferritin were measured using XN2000 Sysmex, and CobasE600 Roche. The statistical analysis was done using One way Anova, Rock curve, Kruskal Wallis test. Results: We examined 64(41.02%) male donors, 92(58.9%) female donors by measurements of Ret-He,hemoglobin, serum, iron and ferritin. Survey participants were 8.33%(n=13) with anemia, 91.67% (n=143) without anemia. In donors with anemia the results were: RBC 4.9*106 u/l, HGB 10.8 g/dl (10;11), serum ferritin 5.2 (4.3; 6.3) mmol, serum iron 4.5 (3.7; 5.8) mmol and Ret-He 25.5 (22; 26) pg. Donors were divided into 3 age groups: group I age was up to 25years, group II was between 26-35 years, group III age criteria was above 35. Group I had serum iron 13.5 (10.; 18.), serum ferritin 41.8 (14; 78), Ret-He 32.2 (30; 33.) RBC 5×106 u/l (4.6;5), HGB14.2g/dl (13.3;14. 2). Group II had serum iron 14.6 (11; 19), serum ferritin 54.1 μg/l (29; 138), Ret-He 32.2pg (31; 33), RBC 5.1×106 u/l(4.7;5.1), HGB14.8 g/dl (13.5;14.8),Group III had serum iron 15.1 umol/l (9; 20), serum ferritin 95.7 μg/l (39; 141), Ret-He 32.7pg (31; 34) , RBC4.9×106 u/l(4.6;4.9), HGB 14.5g/dl(13.8;14.5), respectively. According to a curve (Roc) analysis, AUC of serum iron was 0.0963, serum ferritin 0.909, Ret-He 0.975. The mean Ret-He was 32.3pg (31.3;33.4). The optimal cut off value for the Ret-He was 29,25pg by ROC analysis and are presented along with sensitivity 92.3% and specificity 95.1%. Conclusion: 1. Determining the amount of Ret-He has a better sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing iron deficiency compared to traditional iron measurements. 2. Ret-He has diagnostic indicators that are able to detect the depletion of iron reserves, erythron level. And it need to be used in further clinical practices, as well as doctors should be required to use it for diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction: Base excision repair (BER) is mainly responsible for the correction of small base changes of DNA damage. BER pathway involved many enzymes including OGG1 and XRCC1. The defective DNA repair is associated with an increased risk of various cancers including hematologic malignancies-leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However, it is deniably these polymorphisms alter the susceptibility and clinical outcome of MDS patients. The aim: This study was to evaluate the impact of polymorphisms in gene encoding one protein of BER system: XRCC1 Arg399Gln in MDS and healthy population. Methods: In this study, we recruited 60 health control group [median 47.9 years, 9 MDS subjects [median 56.6 years] were included in this study. Genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Result: The frequencies of genotypes of XRCC1 Arg399Gln were as follows: Arg /Arg 1 (11%), Arg/Gln 6 (66%), Gln/Gln 2 (22%) in MDS and Arg /Arg 18.4%, Arg/Gln40%, Gln/Gln41.6% in health control for XRCC1 Arg399Gln. The result revealed that genotypes Arg399Gln increased the risk of MDS In conclusion this study is the first to analyze XRCC1 SNPs and their associated risk of MDS in Mongolian samples. To fully understand the role of DNA damage and DNA repair in the MDS, prospective studies are needed and other genes (OGG1 Ser326Cys, MUTYH Gln324His, APE Asp148Glu) of base excision repair pathway should be analyzed.

Ilioinguinal (II) and iliohypogastric (IH) nerve blocks are often performed to provide intra- andpostoperative analgesia for hernia repair in children and adults. Several techniques are describedin the literature. Recently an ultrasound guided technique for II and IH nerve blocks were describedin the international journals. The block success rates are variable specially for using anatomicallandmark blind techniques. In the present study, the anatomical variations in course of the II andIH nerves are described. Knowledge of the course of these nerves in the inguinal region, and anunderstanding of variations seen in their topography, can decrease the incidence of postoperativecomplications and adverse effects. Ultrasound guidance of block performance will shorten the time,reduce the number of needle passes and shorten the block onset time. Blocks may be performedusing lower local anesthetic doses.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of analgesic effect of ultrasound guided transversus abdomines plane block in children undergoing open appendectomy surgery and compare to children were used GA alone.Twenty children aged 5-15 years with ASA I-II classification were randomly enrolled in this study.Each group had 10 children and all children were received GA with same techniques. Study group(transversus abdomines plane block group) were assigned to receive ultrasound guided block using 0.3 ml/kg of Bupivacaine 0.25%. Intraoperative hemodynamic changes, postoperative maximum pain score, the time the first analgesic requirement, correllation between inflammatory process, surgical disease complication and pain intensity were studied. Statistic analysis was made in Excel usingdescriptive analysis, correlation and regressive analysis. A p-value<0.05 was considered significant.There was no differencies between the two studied groups regarding demographic and clinicalcharacteristics. Intraoperative systolic blood pressure changes was higher in control group than studygroup (17%), and HR and BP were more stable in the study group. Level of WBC had direct positive relationship with appendix inflammation (r=0.71 (p-утга <0.001) and weak positive correlation (r=0.44 p-утга <0.05) with pain intensity. Postoperative pain score was higher in control group and the first analgesic requirement time was 2h. In the study group had mild to moderate pain and the the firstanalgesic requirement time was 4h.Transversus abdomines plane block under ultrasound guidance was easy, safe, reliable and effective analgesic in children undergoing open appendectomy surgery.

Background: Development and progression of cancer is accompanied by different morphological and functional changes of cells. One of the most important changes is the expression and activity of enzymes in the cellular fatty acids metabolism that reflects in cell membrane lipid composition and increases fluidity of cancer cell membrane. The Ellipin, prepared from bovine liver, is a newly developed anticancer agent containing several important fatty acids.Goal: To investigate effects of Ellipin on hepatic cancer cell function such as proliferation, migration and adherent activity and apoptosis of cancer cell lines in vitro.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, MAS. The Ellipin was developed in the Drug Research Institute of Monos group. HepG2, HCC, 23132/87, MDCK cells lines and the primary liver cancer cells (PCC) were used for proliferation assay. Only HepG2 cell line was used for MTT, Migration, Spreading and Apoptosis assays.Results: The results of proliferation assay showed that the ellipin decreased the proliferation activity of HepG2 and PCC cells depending on concentrations; in 50μg/ml 2-3 times, 250μg/ml fully stopped cells divisions. The Ellipin reduced mitochondrial reeducates enzyme activity of HepG2 cells depending on its concentrations. For example, in 50μg/ml ellipin concentration case, the number of alive cells decreased 2 times. The migration of HepG2 cells treated with 100μg/ml ellipin was decreased by 22.3% compared to the control cells. Also the number of adhered cells was reduced by Ellipin treatment. After 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 250μg/ml ellipin treatment, the number of apoptic cells were 14,6%, 45,6%, 100% of initial culture cells, respectively.Conclusions: Our results showed that the Ellipin suppresses HepG2 cancer cell proliferation and decreases migration and spreading activities and also inducts the cell apoptosis.