The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan. This was a cross-sectional study, which enrolled 18,712 asymptomatic participants from 154 work units in Wuhan. Pearson Chi-square test,
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Viral/blood* ; COVID-19/immunology* ; Carrier State/immunology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood* ; Immunoglobulin M/blood* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupations/classification* ; Phosphoproteins/immunology* ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology* ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the exposure status of hazards by occupations to utilize as the basis for the job hazard standard model. METHODS: We used the data of the third and fourth Korean working condition survey. The number of subjects was 99,862. We used the sixth Korean standard classification of occupations. The hazards included four physical, three chemical, one biological, five ergonomic, and two psychological factors. Exposure levels were categorized into two levels of the 7-point Likert scale, and more than one fourth of the working hours were classified as exposure. Exposure score was given according to the exposure level form 1 to 7. Exposure frequency and exposure score of the hazards in the nine major categories and top 30 occupations among 413 subdivisions were investigated. RESULTS: Occupation codes in which the exposure frequency of each hazard is more than 50% (major classification codes) are vibration 7, 8; high temperature 6; painful postures 4, 6, 7, 8, 9; heavy work 6, 7, 8, 9; prolonged standing posture 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; repetition of upper limbs 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; and customer-facing business 1, 2, 4, 5. CONCLUSION: The exposure level of hazards by occupations perceived by the workers could be used as a reference for making a hazard exposure list to develop a model of job hazards standard, or the workplace health managers or government policy makers will be able to identify the hazards by occupations and utilize them as a basis for the priorities and realities of prevention of workers' health and safety.
Administrative Personnel ; Classification ; Commerce ; Humans ; Occupations ; Posture ; Psychology ; Upper Extremity ; Vibration

OBJECTIVES: Research on workplace violence has been conducted, but rarely has been organized systematically. In this study, we summarize the definition and classification of workplace violence studies and review the literature on workplace violence. METHODS: Using academic search engines PubMed, Google Scholar and DBpia, we found 856 papers including “workplace violence” and “adverse social behavior” AND workplace in the title published until December 2018, and 208 papers were selected. The selected papers were classified by continent and country, year of publication, occupation, classification criteria of workplace violence, and research topic. RESULTS: By country, the number of articles in the United States was the most with 40 (19.2%), followed by China 27 (13%), Korea 16 (7.7%), and Taiwan and Australia 15 (7.2%). By job category, healthcare workers accounted for the largest portion with 162 (79.0%) of the total, and 80 of them were conducted on nurses. Other occupations included civil servants, manufacturing workers, toll collectors and wageworkers. Among the classification methods of workplace violence, 147 (67.4%) articles were classified as type and there was a difference in the type of violence defined for each article. In the research topic, 114 (44.2%) articles analyzed the effects of workplace violence, and 105 (40.7%) articles describe the prevalence and characteristics of workplace violence, and 23 (8.9%) articles analyzing the causes of violence. CONCLUSION: The research topic is biased toward the field of healthcare, so it is necessary to expand to include various occupations or other specified occupations. It is also necessary to prepare appropriate measures against workplace violence.
Australia ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; China ; Classification ; Delivery of Health Care ; Exposure to Violence ; Korea ; Occupations ; Prevalence ; Publications ; Search Engine ; Taiwan ; United States ; Violence ; Workplace Violence

PURPOSE: The role of registered nurses is expanding in scope as the healthcare paradigm shifts from acute, hospital-based care to community and population-based care. Given this paradigm shift, this study explores the legal aspects of the role of a registered nurse.METHODS: We used document analysis for extracting laws and legal orders related to nursing from the entirety of Korean law. Using textualism approach, we examined the contents utilizing a framework that was developed based on the role classification of community nurses by Clark in this study.RESULTS: A total of 119 items related to nursing were derived from 64 laws. Of these, 71.4 % can be performed by people in multiple types of occupations including nurses. As a result of analyzing required qualifications, 45.4% of 119 items required additional qualifications besides registered nurse license. Analysis of workplace and activity type demonstrated that 26.1% of the 119 items were related to medical institutions, with nurses performing mostly “Client-oriented role.” More than half (68.9%) were non-medical institutions, with nurses performing mostly “Delivery-oriented role.” Some, however, did not stipulate the nurse's roles clearly.CONCLUSION: Therefore, to match the enhanced scope and responsibilities of registered nurses and to appropriately recognize, guide, and hold these nurses accountable, laws and policy must reflect these changes. In doing so, these updated laws and policies will ultimately serve as a basis for improving the quality and safety of nursing services.
Classification ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Legislation, Nursing ; Licensure ; Nurse's Role ; Nurses ; Nursing ; Nursing Services ; Occupations ; Republic of Korea

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association of workhours and shift work (referred to here as "time-related work factors") with dietary behaviors. We aimed to investigate this association, as well as the dietary behaviors among individuals with occupations characterized by time-related work factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study. The study included 39,315 working men. Dietary behaviors (i.e., skipping breakfast, eating out, eating instant food, overeating, and eating fast) were assessed with a self-reported information from the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations of time-related work factors with dietary behaviors and dietary behavior tendencies among those in occupations characterized by long workhours and/or shift work. RESULTS: Long workhours were associated with high frequencies of skipping breakfast, eating out, eating instant food, overeating, and eating fast. The frequency of having shift work was associated with high frequencies of skipping breakfast, eating out, and eating instant food. Several occupations involving long workhours and/or shift work showed specific dietary behaviors; in some occupations, the level of significance changed after adjusting for time-related work factors in addition to other potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Time-related work factors may help explain workers' dietary behaviors. Long workhours and shift work may lead to poor dietary behaviors. Other factors influenced by occupation itself, such as food environment, may also influence workers' dietary behaviors. Workhours and/or shift work, and these other work factors, should be given attention in workplace health promotion.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Japan ; Life Style ; Male ; Occupations ; classification ; Shift Work Schedule

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine patterns and predictors of medication adherence in bipolar disorder. METHODS: Between August 2015 and December 2016, we recruited 160 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder as per International Classification of Diseases-10: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. The diagnosis was further confirmed by using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Inventory. All of them were currently in remission (confirmed by standard measures) and on stable dosing of medication for at least a year. Medication adherence was assessed using Tamil validated version of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Patients were dichotomized into low adherence (< 6) and high adherence (≥6) groups and compared on various socio-demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: Majority of the sample (n=97, 60.6%) demonstrated low adherence to treatment regimen. Being employed and having spent greater number of days in hospital were predictive of higher medication adherence (odds ratio [OR] 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.019–7.585; and OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.003–1.037, respectively). Fewer number of lifetime depressive episodes and positive drug attitudes demonstrated trend level positive association with high medication adherence. CONCLUSION: Non-adherence to prescribed medications is a common problem in bipolar disorder. Interventions targeting vocation, medication focused psychoeducation and promotion of positive drug attitudes are likely to enhance medication adherence in this group.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Classification ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; India* ; Medication Adherence* ; Occupations

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the relevance of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation by occupation ratio (OR) at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle. METHODS: Patients from the Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital who received rotator cuff repair and underwent pre- and postoperative MRI were selected as subjects of this study. On T1-weighted MRIs, OR of fat and muscle at Y-shaped view, OR at a location on supraspinatus muscle where its diameter was maximum on coronal view, and pre- and postoperative Goutallier Classification and changes in the tangent sign were measured. Statistical significance of postoperative OR was assessed regarding time from symptom onset to surgery, size of rotator cuff tear, preoperative OR, and the difference between ORs measured at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle and Y-shaped view. RESULTS: Preoperative OR at Y-shaped view was 52.28 ± 8.57 (32.5–65.3). Preoperative OR difference between maximum diameter and Y-shaped view was 13.76 ± 10.51 (2.38–42.04), and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.604 (p=0.001). Postoperative OR at Y-shaped view was 63.77 ± 9.35 (37.3–76.1). Pearson correlation coefficient of pre- and postoperative Goutallier Classification was −0.579 (p=0.002) and Pearson correlation coefficient of the postoperative difference between ORs measured at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle and Y-shaped view was −0.386 (p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Fatty degeneration of supraspinatus muscle in rotator cuff tear patients should be evaluated not only in the conventional Y-shaped view, but also at location of maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle to establish patients' therapeutic plan.
Classification ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Occupations ; Rotator Cuff ; Tears

PURPOSE: This study was to identify international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) categories that could be linked conceptually to disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) items and short form of health survey 36 (SF-36) items for persons with shoulder pain. METHODS: Linkage between each item in DASH and SF-36 and the categories in the ICF were assessed. The linking process was performed by ten health professionals following the linking rule. One hundred four patients with shoulder pain were enrolled from 12 private clinic outpatient departments and participated in this study. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between each scale item and the linked ICF code. RESULTS: Thirty DASH items were able to be linked to 30 ICF codes, whereas the 36 items in SF-36 were only linked to 17 ICF codes. General health items included in SF-36 could not be linked to a relevant ICF concept. There was a high correlation between the two measurement tools and the linked ICF codes, DASH and its ICF code list (r=0.91), SF-36-Physical Health and its code list (r=−0.62), and SF-36-Mental Health and its code list (r=−0.72). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that concepts within each item in DASH can be linked to ICF codes for patients with shoulder pain, however, the concepts in the SF-36 items had limited linkage to ICF codes. The shoulder-specific functional tool, DASH can be expressed with ICF codes and, therefore, its use can promote data standardization and improve communication between professionals.
Arm ; Hand ; Health Occupations ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health* ; Outpatients ; Shoulder Pain* ; Shoulder*

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study is to develop a general population job-exposure matrix (GPJEM) on asbestos to estimate occupational asbestos exposure levels in the Republic of Korea. METHODS: Three Korean domestic quantitative exposure datasets collected from 1984 to 2008 were used to build the GPJEM. Exposure groups in collected data were reclassified based on the current Korean Standard Industrial Classification (9th edition) and the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations code (6th edition) that is in accordance to international standards. All of the exposure levels were expressed by weighted arithmetic mean (WAM) and minimum and maximum concentrations. RESULTS: Based on the established GPJEM, the 112 exposure groups could be reclassified into 86 industries and 74 occupations. In the 1980s, the highest exposure levels were estimated in “knitting and weaving machine operators” with a WAM concentration of 7.48 fibers/mL (f/mL); in the 1990s, “plastic products production machine operators” with 5.12 f/mL, and in the 2000s “detergents production machine operators” handling talc containing asbestos with 2.45 f/mL. Of the 112 exposure groups, 44 groups had higher WAM concentrations than the Korean occupational exposure limit of 0.1 f/mL. CONCLUSION: The newly constructed GPJEM which is generated from actual domestic quantitative exposure data could be useful in evaluating historical exposure levels to asbestos and could contribute to improved prediction of asbestos-related diseases among Koreans.
Asbestos* ; Classification ; Dataset ; Mesothelioma ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupations* ; Republic of Korea* ; Talc

BACKGROUND: South Korea's population is aging more rapidly than any other country. Aging of the productive population will lead to shortage of labor and the decreasing quality of the labor force in South Korea. South Korea needs health care strategies to support the establishment of work environments that are appropriate for elderly workers who have reduced physical capacity. This paper aims to identify occupations that are dominated by aged workers and assess the exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of aged workers in these occupations. METHODS: We identified the 20 occupations in South Korea that employ the most aged workers (at least 55 years-old), among all 149 occupations that are defined as minor categories (identified by three digits) by the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). Exposure to hazards and work-related health problems of individuals in these occupations were evaluated by analyzing the results of the fourth Working Conditions Survey of 2014. RESULTS: Among the 20 occupations that employ the most aged workers, ‘Elementary Occupations', which the KSCO classifies as major category (9), had the largest proportion of aged workers. After this, there were five occupations of skilled manual workers and six occupations of skilled non-manual workers. Aged workers in elementary and skilled manual occupations reported frequent exposure to job-specific hazards, such as noise, vibrations, high and low temperatures, solvents, and chemicals. Relative to other workers, aged workers in the occupations reported more frequent exposure to ergonomic hazards, such as tiring or painful positions, carrying or moving heavy loads, and repetitive movements, and also reported more work-related musculoskeletal disorders and general fatigue. Injury due to accident was common in machinery-handling occupations. CONCLUSION: Job-specific hazards should be reduced to prevent occupation-related disorders in elementary and skilled manual occupations that are dominated by aged workers.
Aged ; Aging ; Classification ; Delivery of Health Care ; Employment ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Korea* ; Noise ; Occupations* ; Solvents ; Vibration