BACKGROUND: Continuous metabolic syndrome (MS) severity scores that can track metabolic risk in individuals over time have been developed for Western populations. The present study aimed to develop gender- and age-specific equations for MS severity scores in Korean adults. METHODS: Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) IV (2010–2012) and VI (2013–2015), we performed a confirmatory factor analysis of single MS factor that allowed for differential loadings across groups to generate gender- and age-specific, continuous MS severity scores. Then, we validated this equation in a different dataset of Korean adults. RESULTS: In confirmatory analysis, waist circumference had the highest factor loading, indicating that waist circumference had the strongest correlation with MS among Korean adults. Lower factor loadings (< 0.4) among Korean adults aged 40–59 years were noted for systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose. MS severity score values were significantly correlated with metabolic parameters, including high-sensitivity C-reactive-protein, glycated hemoglobin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Furthermore, MS severity scores well predicted traditional MS according to receiver operating characteristic analysis in a validation dataset (KNHANES VII). In a longitudinal cohort dataset, participants diagnosed with Adult Treatment Program III (ATP-III) MS after an initial assessment had progressively higher baseline MS severity scores in relationship to their time until ATP-III MS diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The new MS severity score equations for Korean adults proposed in this study provide a clinically-accessible continuous measure of MS for potential use in identifying adults at higher risk for MS-related diseases and following changes within individuals over time.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cohort Studies ; Dataset ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; ROC Curve ; Waist Circumference

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignant tumor with a poor prognosis because of its typically advanced stage at diagnosis and treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Of the two major subtypes, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma, ESCC is prevalent in more than 90 percent of esophageal cancer patients in Korea. Both the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer are declining, and the relative survival rate of patients with esophageal cancer has improved. These epidemiological changes are attributed to increase in the detection rate of esophageal cancer at localized and regional stages before distant spread of the disease. And the most well-known risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma are obesity and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. The carcinogenesis of ESCC is associated with chronic irritation caused by smoking, heavy alcohol use, drinking very hot beverages, and a low socioeconomic status. Understanding the risk factors for esophageal cancer can lead to the identification of preventative strategies to reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer or to improve the long-term prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma ; Beverages ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Drinking ; Epidemiology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the number of existing permanent teeth and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a representative sample of the elderly Korean population. METHODS: A total of 2,519 subjects who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were cross-sectionally examined. The number of existing permanent teeth was evaluated by clinical oral examination. CKD was defined based on definition and classification by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed controlling for age, gender, income, education, tooth-brushing frequency, periodontitis, state of dentition, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. Subgroup analyses by age and gender were also performed. RESULTS: The number of teeth was significantly associated with CKD after controlling for all potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.70 for lower number of teeth; AOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.23 for moderate number of teeth). In the subgroup analyses, the association was highlighted in females aged 75 years over (AOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.05 to 6.20 for lower number of teeth; AOR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.80 for moderate number of teeth). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the number of existing permanent teeth may be associated with CKD among Korean elderly.
Aged* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Classification ; Dentition ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Education ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertension ; Kidney Diseases ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Periodontitis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tooth*

Sarcopenia was listed in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) as M62.84, on October 1, 2016. Sarcopenia is primarily associated with metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cachexia, as well as chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sarcopenia is also significantly associated with osteoporosis in elderly populations and the combined disease is defined as osteosarcopenia. Several studies have confirmed that sarcopenia and osteoporosis (osteosarcopenia) share common risk factors and biological pathways. Osteosarcopenia is associated with significant physical disability, representing a significant threat to the loss of independence in later life. However, the pathophysiology and diagnosis of osteosarcopenia are not fully defined. Additionally, pharmacologic and hormonal treatments for sarcopenia are undergoing clinical trials. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteosarcopenia, and includes Korean data.
Aged ; Cachexia ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; International Classification of Diseases ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Metabolic Diseases ; Obesity ; Osteoporosis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Risk Factors ; Sarcopenia

The Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES) is a principal cohort study providing valuable evidence for the prevention of major chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes in Korea. Since 2001, the Ansan-Anseong cohort is one of the representative cohorts in the KoGES and recruited about 10,000 participants from Ansan and Anseong city to undergo a comprehensive health examination biennially. About 3,000 participants in the Ansan cohort underwent abdominal computed tomography scan to detect the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The prevalence of NAFLD was about 23% in this study, and it was twice as high in subjects with diabetes compared to those without. Subjects with NAFLD had early diastolic dysfunction in tissue Doppler study and showed lower vitamin D concentrations than those without. We also found that the palatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with NAFLD. Interim prospective analysis after six years showed that NAFLD was associated with worsening of metabolic risk factors and an about 2.6 higher likelihood of developing diabetes than in those without. These results present the clinical importance of the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD to reduce the future development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology* ; Fatty Liver ; Genome* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* ; Obesity ; Phospholipases ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vitamin D

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the relationship between thyroid nodules and metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in apparently healthy Koreans. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 3,298 subjects with no noticeable symptoms who underwent thyroid ultrasound imaging as part of a routine check-up between July 2009 and June 2010; of these, 1,308 were excluded based upon predefined criteria. Among the remaining 1,990 patients, we examined the association between MS and its components and the incidence of thyroid nodules. RESULTS: Of the 1,990 subjects included in this study, 38.4% (n = 764) had thyroid nodules and 12.7% (n = 253) had MS. Female sex, older age, higher body mass index, larger waist circumference, higher glycated hemoglobin level, lower thyroid stimulating hormone level, and presence of MS were all closely related with the presence of thyroid nodules (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relevant number of MS components showed a positive linear correlation with the occurrence of thyroid nodules (p < 0.001). Evidence of MS alone was not independently associated with thyroid nodules after adjusting for sex and age in a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis; however, glycated hemoglobin for females and waist circumference for males, as well as both age and thyroid stimulating hormone for all patients, were identified as independent predictors for the existence of thyroid nodules (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a positive relationship between the components of MS and thyroid nodules in an ostensibly healthy Korean population. Our data support the idea that the recent increase in thyroid nodules is partly due to increases in both MS and obesity.
Adult ; Biomarkers/blood ; Body Mass Index ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Female ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/analysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Obesity/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Thyroid Nodule/blood/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology ; Thyrotropin/blood ; Waist Circumference

This study was conducted to assess the relationship between body composition and suicidal ideation among the Korean elderly population (n = 302; ≥ 65 years) who participated in the Hallym Aging Study in 2010. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and obesity was measured by the indices of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body fat percentage. Sarcopenia was defined as presence of both low muscle mass and low muscle function. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. We found no differences in body composition measures between subjects with suicidal ideation and those without. In the logistic regression analyses, there were no significant relationships for suicidal ideation according to body composition measures, including BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, and body fat percentage in both sexes. After adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, medical comorbidities, monthly income, education level, and presence of depressive symptoms, the odds ratio (OR) of suicidal ideation was higher in elderly men with sarcopenia compared to those without, whereas no significant relationships were observed in elderly women (OR 8.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-61.34 in men; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.07-8.43 in women). Sarcopenia is closely associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation in elderly men.
Aged ; *Aging ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; *Body Composition ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Depression/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea ; Sarcopenia/*diagnosis/psychology ; *Suicidal Ideation ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

PURPOSE: Recent studies have revealed close relationships between hepatic injury, metabolic pathways, and gut microbiota. The microorganisms in the intestine also cause irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this study was to examine whether IBS was associated with elevated hepatic enzyme [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) levels, and metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, case-control study. The case and control groups comprised subjects who visited our health promotion center for general check-ups from June 2010 to December 2010. Of the 1127 initially screened subjects, 83 had IBS according to the Rome III criteria. The control group consisted of 260 age- and sex-matched subjects without IBS who visited our health promotion center during the same period. RESULTS: Compared to control subjects, patients with IBS showed significantly higher values of anthropometric parameters (body mass index, waist circumference), liver enzymes, gamma-GT, and lipid levels. The prevalences of elevated ALT (16.9% vs. 7.7%; p=0.015) and gamma-GT (24.1% vs. 11.5%; p=0.037) levels were significantly higher in patients with IBS than in control subjects. A statistically significant difference was observed in the prevalence of MS between controls and IBS patients (12.7% vs. 32.5%; p<0.001). The relationships between elevated ALT levels, MS, and IBS remained statistically significant after controlling for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our study results, IBS may be an important condition in certain patients with elevated ALT levels and MS.
Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/analysis/*metabolism ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/analysis/*metabolism ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis/*enzymology/epidemiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/complications/diagnosis/*enzymology/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Waist Circumference ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase/analysis/*metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference(WC), waist-to-height ratio (WheiR) in Chinese adults.
 METHODS: A total of 26 655 participants, who voluntarily attended annual health examination at the Health Management Center in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from June 2013 to February 2014, were enrolled for this study. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed.
 RESULTS: The prevalence rate of CKD was 9.6% and 3.1% in male and female subjects, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI, WC and WheiR were independent risk factors for CKD in diabetic male and hypertensive male subjects (P<0.01). However, no association between these obesity indices and CKD was found in women after multivariate adjustment. In diabetic male subjects, when BMI≥28.7 kg/m(2), WC=90.7 cm and WheiR=0.56, the sensitivity and specificity prediction for CKD was 24.8%, 58.5%, 45.5% and 83.3%, 54.4%, 69.6%, respectively. In hypertensive male subjects, when the optimum cut-off points for BMI, WC and WheiR were ≥
27.0 kg/m(2), 91.2 cm and 0.54, the sensibility prediction for CKD were 41.0%, 47.0% and 50.1%, respectively, while the specificity prediction were 68.0%, 63.0% and 61.4%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of BMI, WC, WheiR for CKD prediction were 0.56, 0.57, 0.59 in diabetic male subjects and 0.54, 0.56, 0.57 in hypertensive male subjects, respectively.
 CONCLUSION BMI, WC and WheiR are associated with the increased risk for CKD in diabetic or hypertensive male subjects. However, the value for these obesity indices is limited in screening CKD.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; ROC Curve ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Height Ratio

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease seen in patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an important predictor of the severe form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and NASH patients with diabetes have an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the prevalence of obesity and diabetes around the world, NAFLD has become a global public health problem. NAFLD is not only one of the most important causes of liver-related disability and mortality, but also associated with the increasing incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The effective prevention and treatment of NAFLD is expected to reduce the burden of liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this article overviews the advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NAFLD.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; epidemiology ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Metabolic Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Prevalence