BACKGROUND : Research on neural stem cells (NSCs) using rodents to represent NSC protein markers and their anatomical distribution in comparison to humans is still limited. To address this gap, this review aimed to identify the protein markers expressed by NSCs and compare their anatomical locations in rodents and humans. METHODS : A systematic review was performed in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Nature databases for studies published between March 2023 and March 2024. Eligible studies, data extraction and synthesis focused on the type of NSC markers and the sites of detection. RESULTS : A total of 47 studies were analyzed. Frequently reported NSC markers included Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), sex determining region Y (SRY)-box transcription factor 2, SRY-box transcription factor 9, doublecortin, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), Ki-67, β-tubulin III, and S100β. In rodent, NSCs were consistently positive detected in the lateral ventricle, hippocampus, peri-infarct area, and cerebral cortex. In humans, similar patterns were observed with additional reports of NSC markers such as Ki-67, GFAP, Olig2, and Nestin may detected in peri-infarct, blood serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS NSC markers and anatomical distribution are similar between rodents and humans, emphasizing the validity of rodent models in neurogenesis research.
biomarkers ; brain ; humans ; neural stem cells ; rodents

Aims: Polymyxins are an important last-line treatment for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nonetheless, the emergence of polymyxin-resistance and the limiting of polymyxin monotherapy urgently demands its optimisation. Aquilaria malaccensis (Agarwood) has been widely used as traditional medicine. Many parts of the plant including leaves exhibit a considerable in vitro antibacterial activity against microbial pathogens. Exploiting A. malaccensis in combination with polymyxins provides a novel strategy in fighting antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combination effects of A. malaccensis extract with polymyxins against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methodology and results: In vitro time-kill studies and GC-MS analysis were performed to evaluate the bacterial killing of polymyxin B and extract combination and analyse chemical compounds of the extract, respectively. The combination of polymyxin B (1 mg/L) and A. malaccensis extract (32 mg/mL and 64 mg/mL) treatments exhibited enhanced bacterial killing compared to polymyxin B alone at 4 h and 24 h. Combination treatments also inhibited the bacterial growth of both A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae observed throughout the 24 h. More than sixty compounds including phytol, 9,12-octadecadienal, fatty acid, alkanes and terpenoids were putatively identified as the compounds that likely contributed to the antibacterial activity. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study was the first to report the potential application of A. malaccensis extract in combination with polymyxin B in treatment against A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae and can be further investigated and optimized for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.
Thymelaeaceae ; Polymyxins ; Acinetobacter baumannii--immunology ; Klebsiella pneumoniae--immunology