In this paper, I reflect on caring and witnessing through engaged ethnography of an urban poor community during the onset of the COVID19 pandemic. The urban poor are individuals and families who live below the poverty line in metropolitan areas, many of whom have little or no political voice and are insufficiently protected by social networks and other institutions. In March 2020, the government placed Metro Manila under Enhanced Community Quarantine to control the spread of COVID19. This left many an urban poor community in Metro Manila to struggle even more against an already precarious existence. By standard, nurses render different levels of care for urban poor clients in almost all health care settings. In public health nursing, we come in close contact to the realities of our clients when we see them in health centers, in the community, or whenever we do our home visits. Now, caring for vulnerable and marginalized groups such as the urban poor has changed due to minimum public health standards of wearing masks, physical distancing, handwashing, and enforcement of lockdowns. As a nurse, an academic, and as a student of anthropology, I came up for self-review while doing an article for a popular social news network derived from a virtually engaged ethnography. While this novel method requires you to see the world through the eyes of the “other,” and generates bioethical dialogue and awareness of personal biases in addressing ethical considerations and challenges, it gives voice and fulfills our roles as client advocates. In May 2020, the article was published with the urban poor organization and its partners as my coauthors. I borrowed from anthropology to arrive at a greater understanding of the socio-cultural effects and political implications of COVID19 to one of the most vulnerable nursing clientele – the urban poor.
Public Health Nursing ; Ethics, Research ; COVID-19

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the differences of the Code of Ethics, level of application of the Code of Ethics and consciousness of biomedical ethics of nurses about clinical practice experience, ethical values and biomedical ethics education experience of nursing students. METHODS: A descriptive research design, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used. The data were collected 1st June to 31st August 2016 from two large cities. The participants were 246 nursing students with a mean age of 22.57 years. Among them, 209 (84.6%) were female, 94 (38.2%) had clinical practice experience, 155 (63.0%) listed their ethical value as different depending on the situation, and 127 (51.6%) had biomedical ethics education experience. RESULTS: The scores were: awareness of the Code of Ethics of Nurses 4.29±0.60; application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses 4.24±0.64; and consciousness of biomedical ethics 2.91±0.19. There were significant differences in application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses (t=−1.97, p=.050); consciousness of biomedical ethics (t=−2.25, p=.025) related to clinical practice experience; and consciousness of biomedical ethics related to biomedical education experience (t=2.67, p=.007). CONCLUSION: Clinical practice and biomedical ethics education experience contributed to enhance the level of application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses and consciousness of biomedical ethics of nursing students.
Bioethics* ; Codes of Ethics* ; Consciousness* ; Education* ; Ethics ; Ethics, Nursing* ; Female ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Research Design ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: This study examines the effectiveness of an educational program of nursing biomedical ethics for nursing students to increase awareness of the Code of Ethics for Nurses, moral sensitivity, and application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses. METHODS: A quasi-experimental research design and t-test were used. The experimental group (n=31) and control group (n=32) were second-year university nursing students in two major cities. The experimental group received 15 hours of nursing ethics education during the 15-week semester. The training was not provided to the control group. RESULTS: The application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses increased significantly in the experimental group (t=−1.06, p=.017), nurses and patient (t=−2.23, p=.029), obligation of nurse as an expert (t=−2.08, p=.042), nurse and cooperator (t=−2.54, p=.014). The consciousness of biomedical ethics increased significantly in the experimental group (t=4.28, p=.021), newborn's right to live (t=−2.61, p=.011), euthanasia (t=−2.36, p=.021). CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that providing a nursing biomedical ethics program to nursing students is an effective method to enhance the application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses and Consciousness of Biomedical Ethics. Implementing an intervention program of the Code of Ethics for Nurses in the regular nursing curriculum may reduce conflicts involving ethical decision making by nurses.
Bioethics* ; Codes of Ethics* ; Consciousness* ; Curriculum ; Decision Making ; Education* ; Ethics ; Ethics, Nursing ; Euthanasia ; Humans ; Methods ; Morals ; Nursing* ; Research Design ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify research trends in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration from 2013 to 2015. METHODS: For this study, 171 articles were analyzed. Research designs, participants, research settings, sampling, and data analyses methods were reviewed using established analysis criteria. Keyword centrality and clusters were generated by keyword network analysis. RESULTS: Most of studies used quantitative methods (82.5%), and sampling mainly focused on nurses (68.8%). The most commonly used data analyses methods were t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression. The most central keywords were turnover and empowerment. Network analysis generated four network groups: 1) burnout; 2) turnover; 3) happiness; and 4) nursing professionalism. CONCLUSION: The results of this study identify current trends and interests in Korean nursing administration research. The findings from this study suggest that future studies include a variety of research methods and maintain appropriate research ethics.
Ethics, Research ; Happiness ; Nursing Administration Research ; Nursing Research ; Nursing* ; Power (Psychology) ; Professionalism ; Research Design ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The aimof this study was to identify bibliographic characteristics and research trends of articles published in the Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research from2009 to 2015. METHODS: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze 268 articles. Bibliographic characteristics, appropriateness ofmethods for quantitative and qualitative studies, and key concepts of articles were analyzed. RESULTS: A clinical nurse was the first author for 184 (66.7%) articles. The number of collaborative works between hospital and university was 184 (68.7%). Study participants were patients (120, 38.1%), nurses (115, 36.5%) and others. IRB approval was given for 156 articles (58.2%). Written informed consent was obtained in 125 articles (46.7%). Quantitative research accounted for 98.6% of the articles but qualitative studies only 4 (1.4%). Types of interventions in the experimental studies were nursing skills (43, 42.6%) and health education (32, 31.7%). Major keywords were nurses, pain, knowledge, intensive care unit, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and stress. CONCLUSION: Articles in this journal deal with topics and concepts confronted in nursing practice so experimental studies on applicability of nursing interventions were frequently published. Findings in this study indicate that the authors published in the journal contribute to the development of nursing with characteristics distinctive from other nursing journals published in Korea.
Anxiety ; Clinical Nursing Research ; Depression ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Fatigue ; Health Education ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Nursing ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore ethical problems that cause moral distress in nurses and affects the quality of care provided by community mental health nurses working in community mental health settings. METHODS: Three focus group interviews were held with 14 nurses working in 3 community mental health centers in Korea. Qualitative descriptive methods and qualitative content analysis were used. RESULTS: Data analysis found 5 domains (decision making, communication, resources, safety, advocacy), 9 categories (personal information sharing issues, ethical insensibility, collisions between principles and practice, institutions unprepared in ethical problems, ethical dilemma in interactions with clients, problems with the evaluation system, problems with the budget structure, problems with the lack of safety measure, and problems with role limitation as a professional) and 11 subcategories. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest a) a need for further research on identifying ethical conflicts arising in community mental health fields, and b) on what nurses actually do when they deal with ethical conflicts, c) efforts to develop ethics support programs such as ethics education, training and reflection meetings to enhance nurses' ethical sensitivity, d) consideration of a supportive environment and culture that prioritizes ethical concerns in practitioners as well as administrators.
Administrative Personnel ; Budgets ; Community Mental Health Centers ; Education ; Ethics ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Korea* ; Mental Health Services ; Mental Health* ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This descriptive study was performed to explore trends in child health nursing research by analyzing the themes, contents and structure of articles published in 2014 in Child Health Nursing Research, the official journal of the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. METHODS: Thirty-eight articles were reviewed using keywords, author (s), subjects, ethical considerations, designs, statistics involved, funding resources, and others. RESULTS: Ten domains from 160 keywords were identified as follows, child related, psycho-social variable related, parents and family related, nursing and health related, and others. A mean of 2.9 authors per article was identified and 71% of the authors were academic- affiliated. Twenty-eight articles were human-participant related while 21 articles addressed both Institutional Review Board and written consent. Non-experimental design was the most commonly used method followed by experimental design, and qualitative design. The duration for acceptance was a mean of 89.1 days from submission with most articles requiring a second round of article review. Half of the articles were supported by grant organizations such as Korean National Research Foundation. CONCLUSION: The findings of the analysis show an improvement in the scientific quality with a diversity of articles in Child Health Nursing Research.
Child ; Child Welfare* ; Child* ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Financial Management ; Financing, Organized ; Humans ; Nursing Research* ; Nursing* ; Parents ; Publications ; Research Design

PURPOSE: This paper was written to introduce methods of using the research ethics committee (RES) from requesting the initial review to reporting the close-out for nursing researchers. METHODS: General ethical principles were described by reviewing the 'Bioethics and Safety Act' and other related guidelines, and constructing some questions and answers. RESULTS: The results were composed of three parts; definition of RES, steps in using RES, and archiving. The 7 steps for using RES were; identifying whether the study needed to be reviewed, by the RES identifying whether the study could be exempted, requesting the initial review after preparing documents, requesting the re-review, requesting an amendment review, requesting a continuing review and reporting the close-out. CONCLUSION: Nursing researchers need to receive RES approval before starting nursing research involving human subjects. Nursing researchers are urged to use the steps reported in this paper to receive RES approval easily and quickly.
Ethics Committees, Research/*organization & administration ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Nursing Research/*ethics

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze reports of qualitative research published in Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing (JKAFN). METHODS: Twenty four qualitative research studies using in-depth interviews and focus group interviews published in JKAFN from 1994 to 2014 were selected for analysis. Chosen reports were analyzed by consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ), which is a reporting guideline for qualitative research. COREQ consists of 32 items and 3 domains. RESULTS: In the 1st domain, the relationship of researchers and research participants, bias and understanding of the researchers on the study phenomenon were analyzed less than other items. In the 2nd domain, methodological research was carried out across various qualitative studies, but the description of the research environment and research questions for the interview guidelines was insufficient. In the 3rd domain, research results and data were consistent, but data showing opposing content and explanations of negative practices were not done at all. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a need for the development of evaluation tools for qualitative research and items should be added to improve the reliability and validity, research should be related to the ethics in the framework of the COREQ.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Ethics ; Focus Groups ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research* ; Reproducibility of Results

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify trends for studies published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing and journals published by member societies from inaugural issues to 2010. METHODS: A total of 6890 studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Quantitative studies accounted for 83.6% while qualitative studies accounted for 14.4%. Most frequently used research designs were quasi-experimental (91.1%) for experimental research and survey (85.2%) for non-experimental research. Most frequent study participants were healthy people (35.8%), most frequent nursing interventions, nursing skills (53.5%), and 39.8% used knowledge, attitude and behavior outcomes for dependent variables. Most frequently used keyword was elderly. Survey studies decreased from 1991 to 2010 by approximately 50%, while qualitative studies increased by about 20%. True experimental research (1.2%) showed no significant changes. Studies focusing on healthy populations increased from 2001-2005 (37.5%) to 2006-2010 (41.0%). From 1970 to 2010, studies using questionnaire accounted for over 50% whereas physiological measurement, approximately 5% only. Experimental studies using nursing skill interventions increased from 1970-1980 (30.4%) to 2006-2010 (64.0%). No significant changes were noted in studies using knowledge, attitude and behavior (39.9% ) as dependent variables. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that further expansion of true experimental, qualitative studies and physiological measurements are needed.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Nursing Research/ethics/*trends ; *Publishing ; *Qualitative Research ; Republic of Korea ; Research Design