Objective This study investigated the regulatory effect of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the peripheral blood of patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) on myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and Th17/regulatory T cells (Treg) balance. Methods The study enrolled 30 newly diagnosed ITP patients and 30 healthy controls.Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of mDC, Th17, and Treg cells in the peripheral blood of ITP patients and healthy controls. ELISA was conducted to quantify the serum levels of HMGB1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-23, IL-17, and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β). The mRNA levels of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt(RORγt) and forehead box P3(FOXP3) were detected by real-time PCR. The correlation between the abovementioned cells, cytokines, and platelet count was assessed using Pearson linear correlation analysis. Results The proportion of Th17 cells and the expression levels of HMGB1, IL-6, IL-23, IL-17 and the level of RORγt mRNA in the peripheral blood of ITP patients were higher than those in healthy controls. However, the Treg cell proportion and TGF-β level were lower in ITP patients than those in healthy controls. In patients with ITP, the proportion of mDC and the level of FOXP3 mRNA did not show significant changes. The proportion of mDC cells was significantly correlated with the expression of IL-6 and IL-23. Moreover, the expression of HMGB1 showed a significant correlation with the expression of mDC, IL-6, IL-23, RORγt mRNA, and IL-17. Notably, both the proportion of mDC cells and the expression of HMGB1 were negatively correlated with platelet count. Conclusion The high expression of HMGB1 in peripheral blood of ITP patients may induce Th17/Treg imbalance by promoting the maturation of mDC and affecting the secretion of cytokines, thereby potentially playing a role in the immunological mechanism of ITP.
Humans ; Th17 Cells/cytology* ; HMGB1 Protein/genetics* ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology* ; Female ; Male ; Dendritic Cells/metabolism* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/genetics* ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics* ; Young Adult ; Interleukin-23/blood* ; Interleukin-17/blood* ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Myeloid Cells/cytology* ; Aged

Objective To explore the phenotypic conversion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lungs of mice with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-affected mice. Methods A total of 20 newborn C57BL/6 mice were divided into air group and hyperoxia group, with 10 mice in each group. The BPD model was established by exposing the newborn mice to hyperoxia. Lung tissues from five mice in each group were collected on postnatal days 7 and 14, respectively. Histopathological changes of the lung tissues was detected by HE staining. The expression level of surfactant protein C (SP-C) in the lung tissues was examined by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the proportion of FOXP3⁺ Tregs and RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs in CD4⁺ lymphocytes. The concentrations of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-6 in lung homogenate were measured by using ELISA. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between FOXP3⁺Treg and the expression of SP-C and the correlation between RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs and the content of IL-17A and IL-6. Results The hyperoxia group exhibited significantly decreased levels of SP-C and radical alveolar counts in comparison to the control group. The proportion of FOXP3⁺Tregs was reduced and that of RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺Tregs was increased. IL-17A and IL-6 concentrations were significantly increased. SP-C was positively correlated with the expression level of RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs. RORγt⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs and IL-17A and IL-6 concentrations were also positively correlated. Conclusion The number of FOXP3⁺ Tregs in lung tissue of BPD mice is decreased and converted to RORγt⁺ FOXP3⁺ Tregs, which may be involved in hyperoxy-induced lung injury.
Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Interleukin-17 ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Hyperoxia ; Interleukin-6 ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Lung

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of Nur77 with overall survival of gastric cancer patients and investigate the role of Nur77 in invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells. METHODS: Oncomine database was used to analyze the expression of Nur77 in gastric cancer and gastric mucosa tissues, and the distribution characteristics of Nur77 protein between gastric cancer and normal tissues were compared using Human Protein Atlas. GEPIA2 was used to analyze the relationship of Nur77 expression and the patients' survival. The expression of Nur77 in gastric cancer cell lines GES-1, AGS and MKN-45 were detected by Western blotting. The regulatory interactions between IL-6 and Nur77 were verified by transfecting the cells with specific Nur-77 siRNA and Nur-77-overexpressing plasmid. The changes in migration ability of the cells following Nur-77 knockdown were assessed with scratch assay. The effect of Nur-77 overexpression or IL-6 knockdown, or their combination, on migration and invasion of the gastric cancer cells were examined using Transwell assay. The effect of Nur77 expression level on NF-κB/IL-6 pathway activation was analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS: Oncomine database showed that gastric cancer tissues expressed a significantly higher level of Nur77 mRNA than normal tissues (P < 0.05). Nur77 expression was detected mostly in the nucleus, and a high Nur77 expression was associated with a poor survival outcome of the patients (P < 0.05). In gastric cancer cells, the high expression of Nur77 participated in the regulation of IL-6. Nur77 silencing significantly lowered the migration ability of the cells (P < 0.05), and IL-6 silencing significantly attenuated the enhanced migration caused by Nur77 overexpression (P < 0.05). Nur77 participates in the activation of NF-κB/IL-6 signaling pathway by regulating the expression of p-p65, p65, p-Stat3 and Stat3. CONCLUSION A high Nur77 expression is strongly correlated with a poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Nur77 promotes the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells possibly by regulating the NF-κB/IL-6 signaling pathway.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics* ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics* ; Stomach Neoplasms/genetics*

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of Th17 cells, CD4⁺ CD25⁺ regulatory Treg cells (Treg) and its transcription factor RORγt and FoxP3 in the pathogenesis of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) so as to provide a new strategy for treatment of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura by regulating the balance of Th17 and Treg cells.

METHODSForty children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura in acute phase admitted in our hospital from February 2012 to March 2013 were enrolled in this study, forty healthy children were simultaneously used as controls. The expression of RORγt mRNA and FoxP3 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was detected by real-time PCR using SYBR Green I. The levels of IL-17A, TGF-β1, IL-2 and IL-6 in serum were measured by ABC-ELISA. The ratio of Th17 cells to Treg cells in peripheral blood T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe levels of Th17 cells (2.75 ± 0.60%) and RORγt mRNA (1.11 ± 0.51) in HSP group were significantly higher than levels of Th17 cells (1.41 ± 0.29%) and RORγt mRNA (0.65 ± 0.24) (P < 0.01) in control group, but the levels of Treg cells (4.56 ± 1.26%) and FoxP3 mRNA (1.15 ± 0.45) in HSP group were lower than those of Treg cells (7.85 ± 1.97%) and FoxP3 mRNA (2.32 ± 1.1) (P < 0.01) in the control group. The relative levels of serum IL-17A, IL-6, TGF-β1 (40.40 ± 11.81 pg/ml, 75.38 ± 27.19 pg/ml, 309.41 ± 81.03 pg/ml) in the HSP group were significantly higher than those in the control group [IL-17A (20.32 ± 10.70 pg/ml), IL-6 (25.16 ± 8.31 pg/ml), TGF-β1 (236.34 ± 66.01 pg/ml)] (P < 0.01), but the level of serum IL-2 (25.60 ± 13.19 pg/ml) in the HSP group was lower than that (34.42 ± 11.69 pg/ml) in the control group (P < 0.01). The further detection demonstrated that in the children with acute HSP, the expression of Th17 cells positively correlated with RORγt mRNA, IL-17A and IL-6 with the correlation coefficients of 0.887, 0.938 and 0.934 (P < 0.01), respectively. The positive correlation was also shown between the Treg cells and FoxP3 mRNA, IL-2 with the correlation coefficients of 0.834 and 0.932 (P < 0.01), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThere are higher expression levels of Th17 cells, RORγt mRNA and IL-17A, and lower expression levels of Treg cells, FoxP3 mRNA of children with HSP in acute phase, which shows that Th17/Treg imbalance exists in children with HSP in acute phase. The levels of serum IL-6, TGF-β1 increase and the serum IL-2 decrease in children with HSP in acute phase, moreover, there are the positive correlations between the levels of Th17 cells and expression of IL-6, as well as the level of Treg cells and expression of IL-2 in children with HSP in acute phase.

Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Flow Cytometry ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; blood ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; metabolism ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; immunology ; RNA, Messenger ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; cytology ; Th17 Cells ; cytology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; blood

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective and therapeutic effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) supernatant on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and the underlying mechanisms.
 METHODS: Forty male mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a treatment group and a prevention group (n=10 in each group). The colorectal histopathologic damage score (HDS) were calculated; the proportion of helper T cell (Th17) in mononuclear cells (MNC) in spleen, the levels of IL-17A and IL-6 in plasma were detected; the mRNA levels of transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt (ROR-γt), interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-6 in colon mucosa tissues were also determined.
 RESULTS: Compared with the model group, the colon HDS in the treatment group and the prevention group were significantly decreased (both P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the treatment group and the prevention group (P>0.05). The proportion of Th17 cells in spleen in the treatment group and the prevention group was also remarkably lower than that in the model group (both P<0.01). The levels of IL-17A and IL-6 in plasma in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group (both P<0.05). The mRNA expression of ROR-γt, IL-17A and IL-6 in the colon mucosa tissues in the treatment group were remarkably lower than those in the model group (all P<0.05). But there was no statistic difference in the level of IL-6 in the plasma and the colon mucosa tissues between the prevention group and the model group (P>0.05).
 CONCLUSION Fp supernatant has protective and therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis in mice induced by DSS, which might be mediated by decrease of Th17 and IL-17A levels in the plasma and the colon mucosa tissues. Fp supernatant also can decrease mice colitis by reducing IL-6 levels.
Animals ; Clostridiales ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; chemically induced ; immunology ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; pharmacology ; Dextran Sulfate ; adverse effects ; Interleukin-17 ; blood ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; immunology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Th17 Cells ; drug effects ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effect of IL-6 mAb on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in rats, and search the mechanism of the role of IL-6, helper T cells 17 (Th17) and regulative T cells (Treg) in EAM pathogenesis.

METHODSThirty-four Lewis rats were divided into three groups randomly, i.e. control group (n = 6), EAM group (n = 12), and IL-6 mAb intervention group (n = 16). Rats in EAM group and IL-6 mAb intervention group were injected intracutaneously with myosin to establish EAM model. Rats in IL-6 mAb intervention group were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg IL-6 mAb on 1st, 7th to 20th day after cardiac myosin immune injection. Myocardial inflammation was examined by HE stain, Masson stain, and TdT assay (TUNEL reaction) on 21st and 84th day after IL-6 mAb therapy in order to assess the therapeutic role. Spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to illustrate Th17 and Treg cells? number and function. The serum concentration of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-beta in each group was measured by ELISA, concentration of STAT3, RORgammat, and Foxp3 mRNA in each group was determined with RT-PCR. Spleen cells derived from EAM were stimulated by IL-6 mAb in vitro, and the concentration of IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-beta was measured by ELISA.

RESULTSInflammation score, fibrosis score, and apoptosis index in IL-6 mAb intervention group were significantly decreased as compared with those in EAM group (P < 0.01). The number of Th17 and Treg cells in EAM group on the 21st day (experimental acute peak stage) were increased, and those in intervention group on the 21st day were significantly inhibited (P < 0.01). The concentration of serum IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-beta in intervention group on the 21st day was decreased dramatically in comparison with that in EAM group on the same day (P < 0.01). The levels of peripheral blood STAT3, RORgammat, Foxp3 mRNA in intervention group on the 21st day was decreased significantly as compared with that in EAM group (P < 0.01). The expression of IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-beta was increased significantly (P < 0.01) by stimulation of IL-6 mAb on spleen cells derived from EAM in vitro.

CONCLUSIONSIL-6 mAb could neutralize IL-6, and ameliorate myocarditis and reduce heart autoimmune responses. IL-6 mAb has significantly protective effects on EAM by suppressing Th17 and Treg cells.

Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; therapeutic use ; Autoimmune Diseases ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-17 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Male ; Myocarditis ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Th17 Cells ; immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) play a significant role in providing T cell help to B cells during the germinal center reaction, where somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, isotype class switching, and the differentiation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells occur. Antigen-specific T cells with IL-6 and IL-21 upregulate CXCR5, which is required for the migration of T cells into B cell follicles, where these T cells mature into Tfh. The surface markers including PD-1, ICOS, and CD40L play a significant role in providing T cell help to B cells. The upregulation of transcription factor Bcl-6 induces the expression of CXCR5, which is an important factor for Tfh differentiation, by inhibiting the expression of other lineage-specific transcription factors such as T-bet, GATA3, and RORgammat. Surprisingly, recent evidence suggests that CD4 T cells already committed to Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells obtain flexibility in their differentiation programs by downregulating T-bet, GATA3, and RORgammat, upregulating Bcl-6 and thus convert into Tfh. Limiting the numbers of Tfh within germinal centers is important in the regulation of the autoantibody production that is central to autoimmune diseases. Recently, it was revealed that the germinal center reaction and the size of the Tfh population are also regulated by thymus-derived follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) expressing CXCR5 and Foxp3. Dysregulation of Tfh appears to be a pathogenic cause of autoimmune disease suggesting that tight regulation of Tfh and germinal center reaction by Tfr is essential for maintaining immune tolerance. Therefore, the balance between Tfh and Tfr appears to be a critical peripheral tolerance mechanism that can inhibit autoimmune disorders.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Autoimmunity ; B-Lymphocytes ; CD40 Ligand ; Germinal Center ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Memory ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Peripheral Tolerance ; Plasma Cells ; Pliability ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Th17 Cells ; Transcription Factors ; Up-Regulation

T helper (Th) 17 cells are a kind of Th cell subset, and are distinct from the Th1 and Th2 cells and produce interleukin-17A (IL-17A, IL-17). Th17 cells have a mechanism of independent differentiation and developmental regulation. The differentiation and cytokine secretion of Th17 cells are regulated by TGF-β, IL-6, IL-23 and orphan nuclear receptor (RORγt). IL-17A induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, mediating neutrophil recruitment. Increasing evidence implicated involvement of Th17 cells in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, lupus nephritis and pauciimmune glomerulonephritis. In this review, we discussed the discovery of Th17 subset, its properties, its relationship with other Th subsets and involvement of Th17 cells in glomerulonephritis.
Animals ; Glomerulonephritis ; immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; metabolism ; physiology ; Interleukin-23 Subunit p19 ; physiology ; Interleukin-6 ; physiology ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; physiology ; Th17 Cells ; immunology ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to investigate the effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) intake via drinking water on Th17 cells in mice.

METHODSForty eight six weeks old female BALB/c mice were divided into blank control, vehicle control, 2.5 mg/ml TCE and 5.0 mg/ml TCE groups by random number table (12 mice each group), and exposed to TCE by drinking water. On the 14(th), 28(th), 56(th), 84(th) days, blood were collected and assayed for IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-β concentration in serum through ELISA. Animals were killed and spleen biopsies were taken sterility. The proportion of Th17 cells among CD4(+) T cells and RORγt mRNA expression level in spleen were measured by FCM and real-time PCR.

RESULTSIn 2.5 mg/ml TCE and 5.0 mg/ml TCE group mice, Th17 cells/CD4(+) T cells in spleen were (3.46 ± 0.32)% and (5.45 ± 0.45)% on day 14, (3.47 ± 0.33)% and (4.10 ± 0.39)% on day 84, which were significantly higher than those for solvent control group at the same time point ((2.15 ± 0.20)%, (2.16 ± 0.35)%, respectively) (P < 0.01). RORγt mRNA expression levels were (1.870 ± 0.084) and (1.965 ± 0.060) on 14 day, (1.998 ± 0.079) and (2.028 ± 0.073) on day 56, which were also significantly higher than those for solvent control group at the same time point (1.77 ± 0.04 and 1.75 ± 0.09, respectively) (P < 0.05). IL-17 concentrations in serum were (32.28 ± 5.38) and (34.47 ± 5.02) pg/ml on day 14, and (34.87 ± 5.48) and (41.94 ± 6.19) pg/ml on day 28, which were significantly higher than those for solvent control group at the same time point((21.57 ± 5.23), (22.11 ± 5.11) pg/ml). IL-6 concentration in serum were (43.07 ± 6.71) and (47.86 ± 8.52) pg/ml on day14, (41.32 ± 7.04) and (46.74 ± 9.33) pg/ml on day 56, which were significantly higher than solvent control group at the same time point ((7.56 ± 7.71) and (28.26 ± 7.22) pg/ml). TGF-β concentration were (17.48 ± 3.06) and (18.93 ± 3.12) pg/ml on day 14, which did not show significant difference from solvent control group ((15.25 ± 2.95) pg/ml). Correlation analysis showed that IL-6 in serum were significantly positively correlated with the proportion of Th17 cells among CD4(+) T cells and RORγt expression level in spleen (r = 0.741, 0.765, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONTCE might promote the differentiation of Th17 cells and increase IL-17 secretion by inducing IL-6 and up-regulating RORγt expression together with TGF-β.

Animals ; Drinking Water ; chemistry ; Female ; Interleukin-17 ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; immunology ; Th17 Cells ; drug effects ; immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; immunology ; Trichloroethylene ; toxicity

OBJECTIVETo generate engineering Th17 cells from mice CD4(+)CD25(-) naïve T cells, and to evaluate whether the phenotypes or functions of these engineering cells were similar to natural Th17 cells.

METHODSRecombinant lentivirus carrying mouse RORγt (pXZ9-RORγt) and mock control pXZ9 were generated by co-transfected three-plasmids into 293FT packing cells. CD4(+)CD25(-) naïve T cells were purified from mice spleens by magnetic activated cell sorting, and stimulated by anti-CD3ε, anti-CD28 mAb plus IL-2. The stimulated cells were further infected by pXZ9-RORγt or pXZ9 virus with or without polarization by TGF-β plus IL-6 and divided into five groups: pXZ9-RORγt (group A), pXZ9 + TGF-β + IL-6 (group B), pXZ9-RORγt + TGF-β + IL-6 (group C), pXZ9 (group D) and control (group E). Production efficiency of engineering Th17 cells was referred as the percentage of IL-17A producing cells. Cytokine production profiles of these cells were assayed by realtime RT-PCR and cells function was evaluated by susceptibility of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

RESULTS(1) High-title lentivirus was prepared and was succeeded to transduce CD4(+)CD25(-) naïve T cells. Forced expression of RORγt (group A) resulted in (40.25 ± 5.46)% CD4(+)CD25(-) naïve T cells converted into engineering Th17 cells and the convert efficiency increased to (60.59 ± 8.15)% in addition of TGF-β and IL-6 (group C), or decreased to (14.36 ± 5.27)% when presence of TGF-β and IL-6 only (group B). (2) IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-21 production of pXZ9-RORγt infected cells combined with TGF-β and IL-6 were most similar to natural Th17 cells while cells over expression of RORγt alone showed deficiency in IL-21 production. (3) Both pXZ9-RORγt infected cells, TGF-β and IL-6 polarized cells and polarized of RORγt transduced cells could promote the susceptibility to mouse EAE in C57BL6 mice models.

CONCLUSIONHigh yield of engineering Th17 cells was prepared from CD4(+)CD25(-) naïve T cells by over expression RORγt plus TGF-β and IL-6 polarization. These engineering Th17 cells were similar to the natural Th17 cells in phenotypes and functional identification.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Genetic Techniques ; Interleukin-17 ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-6 ; pharmacology ; Lentivirus ; genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; genetics ; Th17 Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; pharmacology