Background: Osteoporotic fractures remain a major concern for public health and the economy. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by reduced bone density due to genetic, hormonal, mineral, and lifestyle factors. Although often asymptomatic, its primary complication is fractures, which lead to disability and loss of work capacity, impacting individuals, families, and society. In Mongolia, no long-term study has examined bone density changes and fracture risk factors, which forms the basis of this research. Aim: To assess 10-year changes in bone density and identify risk factors for fractures. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biomedicine, MNUMS. We have re-enrolled 133 adults from Ulaanbaatar between November 2023 and January 2024, originally part of the ‘Study of some risk and pathophysiological factors of osteoporosis in the Mongolian population’ funded by the Ministry of Health and the Science and Technology Fund of Mongolia. Data collection included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density assessments using the ‘Sunlight Mini-Omni’ bone sonometer (Beammed, USA) Results: The mean age of participants was 54.4±9.6 years (N=133), with 33.1% (n=44) male and 66.9% (n=89) female. Among the participants, 51.1% had a history of bone fractures, with forearm fractures comprising 10.5% and other types of fractures accounting for 40.7%. The bone fractures was significantly higher among elderly individuals and those diagnosed with osteoporosis (p<0.05). The T-score was significantly lower in the fracture group than in the non-fracture group (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for fractures (p<0.05). Conclusion All participants’ bone density has decreased over the decade. Bone fractures are more common in elderly and people with osteoporosis. Inadequate vitamin D intake is a significant risk factor for bone fractures.

Background: Nasal bone fracture is the most common facial bone injury and remains a significant clinical and forensic concern. Although perceived as minor, management can lead to long-term complications such as external nasal deformity, septal perforation, nasal obstruction, and chronic rhinosinusitis. These sequelae compromise quality of life and frequently give rise to medico-legal disputes regarding the assessment of health damage and work capacity. Aim: To characterize nasal bone fractures and septal deformities and to evaluate their correlation with the severity of health damage and loss of work capacity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 70 patients individuals with acute nasal bone fractures treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Central Hospital of Mongolia, and patients with minor injuries assessed at the National Forensic Agency of Mongolia. Data collection included structured questionnaires, physical examination, nasal endoscopy and computed tomography. Nasal bone fractures were classified according to Hwang (2002) and septal deviations were categorized using Mladina’s classification (1987). Statistical analyses were performed to explore associations between fracture type, septal deviation, nasal obstruction and functional impairment. Results: Septal deviation was identified in 60% of patients without fracture and in 40% of those with concurrent fractures. Among 60 cases of blunt nasal trauma, septal deviation showed a statistically significant association with septal fracture (p=0.001). Hwang type II, III, and IV fractures demonstrated the strongest correlation with unilateral or bilateral nasal obstruction (χ²=29.72). Bilateral nasal bone fractures were more frequently associated with septal deviation, while logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of impaired work capacity (coefficient 0.237). Conclusion 1. In 40% of the study participants with nasal trauma, nasal bone fractures were accompanied by septal injury, initially classified as mild. 2. These patients underwent surgical treatment; however, when the recovery period extended beyond four weeks a reassessment of health impairment was required. According to the criterion of prolonged disruption of health, the degree of impairment was subsequently reclassified as moderate.

BACKGROUND: According to International osteoporosis foundation report, osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition associated with an increased risk of fracture and is caused by social, behavioral and physiological factors. Overall incidence is increasing in every country due to people’s life style changes, diet and increased life expectancy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the some hormonal effects in bone mineral density among Mongolian population. METHODS: Bone density was measured in the distal one third of radius using the Sunlight Omnisense (Sunlight Medical, Rehovot, Israel) and classified into 3 groups according to WHO osteoporosis criteria. Normal participants were selected into control group and osteoporotic participants were selected into control group. We have evaluated PTH, calcitonin, 25-hydroxy vitamin D in case-control group. RESULT: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. It was clear that PTH elevated group (>30.3pg/ml) had more risk of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. PTH elevation is risk factor in men.

BACKGROUND. According to the International osteoporosis foundation, the incidence of osteoporose in men is increasing rapidly. Some investigations mention the serum testosterone hormone decreases by aging and may cause of osteoporose. Our study was aimed to evaluate relation between serum total testosterone and bone mineral density in men. MATEREALS AND METHOD. Relatively healthy 624 men aged between 18-87 were randomly selected from Mongolian 4 provinces and Ulaanbaatar city. Specially designed questionnaire was used in the survey. And some of measurement, Weight, height and BMI, was measured. Bone mass density was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria by the T-score. Serum total testosterone level were described by using ELISA kit (Eucardio Laboratory, Inc. USA) at the laboratory of MHI.The statistical result was analyzed by SPSS 22 program. RESULTS. The subjects mean age was 48.56±16.63, with a range of 18-87. The mean SOS was -4055.23±228.89. And the osteoporse was 14.6% (n=91) in all of participants. 152 participants were randomly selected from all participants and classified 2 groups(case and control) according to WHO osteoporosis criteria and evaluated relation between serum total testosterone and bone mineral density. The mean of serum total testosterone level was significantly low (8.80±2.67) in case group than (9.33±2.44) control group (p<0.05). Our study showed that positive correlation between bone mass density values at testosterone hormone (r=0.17 p<0.034). CONCLUSION. Our study showed decreased serum total testosterone hormone affected to decrease of bone mineral density.

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density of bone is decreased with consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture risk. Vitamin D deficiency may cause secondary hyperparathyroidism and low bone mineral density. Our study was aimed to assess relation between vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone and bone density in adults. Relatively healthy 369 participants aged between 20-60 were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar city. Specially designed questionnaire was used in the survey. Bone mass density was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria by the T-score. Respondents serum calcium and phosphorus levels were described by the fully automated analyzer (Cobas Integra 2800, Germany). Serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxivitamin D levels were described by using ELISA kit (Eucardio Laboratory, Inc. USA) at the Molecular biology laboratory of MNUMS.The statistical result was analyzed by SPSS 21 program. The subjects mean age was 47.61±12.92, with a range of 20-83. The mean T-score was -0.60±2.17. Our study showed that negative correlation between bone mass density values at parathyroid hormone (r=-0.58, p<0.05), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r=-0.48, p<0.05) and serum calcium (r=-0.21, p<0.05). Our study showed increased serum parathyroid hormone led the releasing calcium from bone and decreasing bone mass density.

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density of bone is decreased with consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture risk. Vitamin D deficiency may cause secondary hyperparathyroidism and low bone mineral density. Our study was aimed to assess relation between vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone and bone density in adults.Relatively healthy 369 participants aged between 20-60 were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar city. Specially designed questionnaire was used in the survey. Bone mass density was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria by the T-score. Respondents serum calcium and phosphorus levels were described by the fully automated analyzer (Cobas Integra 2800, Germany). Serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxivitamin D levels were described by using ELISA kit (Eucardio Laboratory, Inc. USA) at the Molecular biology laboratory of MNUMS.The statistical result was analyzed by SPSS 21 program.The subjects mean age was 47.61±12.92, with a range of 20-83. The mean T-score was -0.60±2.17. Our study showed that negative correlation between bone mass density values at parathyroid hormone (r=-0.58, p<0.05), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r=-0.48, p<0.05) and serum calcium (r=-0.21, p<0.05).Our study showed increased serum parathyroid hormone led the releasing calcium from bone and decreasing bone mass density.

IntroductionOsteoporosis is becoming an increasingly important economic and public health problem as ourpopulation ages. Different results are reported about osteoporosis rate among various geographicalzones and ethnic groups even in same country. These differences cannot be attributed to hormonalstate or to the dietary intake of calcium, but do accord in general with the living standards of the differentcountries and the degree of physical activity undertaken by the different populations and sexes.GoalTo determine the osteoporosis rate among Mongolian adults and evaluate the geographical distributionsof osteoporosis rateMaterials and MethodsOur study group was 1990 adults who are over 18 years and participated from Uvs, Arkhangai, Dundgovi,Sukhbaatar province and Ulaanbaatar. We have evaluated serum PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level andbone mineral density via bone sonometer (Sunlight Mini-Omni, Beammed, USA). Lifestyle risk factorswere evaluated through a specific questionnaire.ResultsThe osteoporosis rate is 25.5% (n=507) among Mongolian adults and 2 times higher in women thanmen in all age group. SOS was inversely correlated with age in both sexes (men: r=-0.286, p<0.01,women: r=-0.513, p<0.01). Osteoporosis rate was lowest in Ulaanbaatar but highest in Arkhangai(male osteoporosis) and Dundgovi province (female osteoporosis). Of 25-hydroxyvitamin D values 29%were below 20ng/ml (deficient), 39.8% ranged from 20-29.9ng/ml (insufficient) and 31.2% were above30ng/ml (sufficient). In addition, 25-hydroxivitamin D concentrations were not related to bone density.Serum 25-hydroxivitamin D level was highest in Dundgovi province in both sexes. Mean PTH level was26.0±17.7pg/ml and inversely correlated with T-score (r=-0.248, p<0.01) in men.ConclusionOsteoporosis rate among Mongolian adult is lowest in Ulaanbaatar comparing to other rural areas. Andserum 25-hydroxivitamin D deficiency is 68.8% in Mongolian adults.