Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2022, 19.9 million people were diagnosed with cancer globally, and 9.7 million people died from the disease. In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rapidly increasing, ranking 4th among all cancers with 18.4 cases and 8.1 deaths per 100,000 population. In Mongolia, 826 new cases of CRC have been registered over the past six years, with an incidence rate of 8.2 cases and a mortality rate of 5.03 per 100,000 population. It is projected that by 2030, the incidence will reach 13.28 cases and the mortality rate will rise to 8.72 per 100,000 population. We aimed to comprehensively examine the risk factors for colorectal cancer among the population of Mongolia, establish a scientific basis for early detection and prevention, and strengthen preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted from 2022 to 2024. The study enrolled a total of 305 subjects, including 98 patients with colorectal cancer, 101 patients with colon polyps, and 106 healthy subjects. The risk. questionnaire consisted of 50 questions divided into 10 sections. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. categorical data was represented as numbers and percentages. Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factor associated with recurrence. The study protocol was approved by Ethics Review Committee of Ministry of Health of Mongolia on 17 March 2023 (approval number: 23/012). Results: The average age of the participants was 57.1±12.8 years. Among all study participants, 37.6% (115) were male and 62.4% (188) were female. Comparison of colorectal cancer incidence by age and gender revealed no statistically significant differences (p=0.021; p=0.422). Regular physical exercise was found to have a protective effect against colorectal cancer (p=0.076; OR 0.341 95% Cl 0.118-.0986). The frequency of fruit consumption, 4 to 6 times per week (p=0.008, OR 0.08, 95% Cl 0.01-0.45), frequency of vegetable consumption 4 to 6 times per week (p<0.00; OR 0.07, 95% Cl 0.02-0.19), no dining out (0.007, OR 0.3, 95% Cl 0.18-0.68), and meat consumption (p=0.001) are decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusion The patient's age and the presence of colon polyps are risk factors for colorectal cancer, while regular physical activity and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables are protective factors that help reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Background: Specifically, stomach cancer ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early-stage detection significantly improves survival rates, with over 90% of patients diagnosed at stages I and II living beyond five years. To improve the early detection of gastric cancer, it is necessary to complement the conventional method of endoscopic examination with biomarker analysis. We aimed to compare biomarkers such as pepsinogen C (PGC), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 with immunohistochemical analysis. Purpose: A comparative study and evaluation of biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a retrospective cohort design. Research ethics issues were discussed at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health on October 13, 2023, and permission to start the research was obtained (Resolution No. 23/051). The information was gathered based on the criteria for K29.3, K29.4, K31, and C1 diagnoses according to the international ICD 10 classification, and participants were selected accordingly. Proteins such as PGC, MMP2, MMP9, and Ki-67 were examined using a tissue microarray kit and evaluated through immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Negative gastric tumor markers PGC, Ki-67, MMP2 and MMP9 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The mean PGC protein staining values were 6.20±2.61 for chronic superficial gastritis, 5.45±2.47 for atrophic gastritis, 3.61±2.0 for metaplasia, and 3.31±1.75 for gastric cancer, with statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.001). The mean Ki-67 protein staining values were 0.1 ± 0.4 for chronic superficial gastritis, 0.33 ± 0.55 for atrophic gastritis, 0.09 ± 0.39 for metaplasia, and 2.62 ± 0.78 for gastric cancer, also showing statistically significant differences (P<0.001). The mean MMP2 and MMP9 protein staining values were 0.2±0.76 and 1.2±2.04, respectively, for chronic superficial gastritis; 0.28±0.52 and 3.28±2.82 for atrophic gastritis; 0.35±1.04 and 1.12±1.45 for metaplasia; and 1.38±2.11 and 5.29±2.51 for gastric cancer, with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion PGC protein, a negative tumor marker, decreases during the transition from a gastric cancer precursor to cancer. MMP2 protein, a marker of cell migration and metastasis, has little diagnostic value, while the expression of MMP9 and the Ki 67 are highly effective in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of endoscopic biopsy tissue to detect the negative tumor marker PGC, the positive marker Ki-67, and MMP9 can be used for early detection of gastric cancer.

Safety and effectiveness of COVID 19 vaccine among pregnant woman Introduction: Major International Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC), American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) recommend that use of COVID 19 vaccine for people who are pregnant, breastfeeding and trying to get pregnant. Objective: To determine the safety and effectiveness of COVID 19 vaccine among pregnant woman. Materials and methods: In this prospective study, we collected data from pregnant woman who are receiving their antenatal care at the general hospitals of Ulaanbaatar city and National Center for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia between July 1, 2021 and August 20, 2021. The survey data were collected four categories of questionnaires. An ultrasound scan performed to screening of fetal anomalies and to assess fetal growth at 12, 20, 28, 36 weeks of pregnancy. Results: Among the total of 420 pregnant woman, 193 (46.0%) have received COVID 19 vaccine and 227 (54.0%) were not. (1:1) The most commonly reported adverse events in pregnant participants were injection site pain (63.2%), myalgia (45.2%), headache (44.9%) and fatigue (40%). Furthermore, complications of pregnancy were 11.5% of vaccinated group and 7.8% of the other group and it has shown that pregnancy complications was not statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups (x^2 = 1.62, p = 0.205) Pregnant woman with COVID 19 infections were 73.6% (n=39) of unvaccinated group and 26.4% (n=14) of vaccinated group. Whether to relate between COVID 19 vaccination and COVID 19 infections were statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups. According to the result, COVID 19 vaccine has an effectiveness of 91% for the pregnant woman if they continue to administer the prevention method of COVID 19 infections (same as before the vaccination: wearing a mask, keep a safe distance). The risk of fetal anomalies at first trimester and 20 weeks gestation were not statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups. These results demonstrate that the COVID 19 vaccine does not affects fetus by now. Conclusions: In this study, COVID 19 vaccine does not increase a risk of pregnancy and medical complications. The prevalence of COVID 19 infection was statistically significant in differentiating to the both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. It shows that COVID19 vaccines have became a crucial tools for reducing the incidence of COVID 19 infection in pregnancy.

Most recent researches by our historians and archeologists showed that Traditional Mongolian Medicine has undergone 5000 years of historical development which contained all the features of nomadic medicine. Among this 5000 years, the Tibetan medicine particularly, some of the Tibetan doctors their books and sutras influenced a lot into our medical system. Darmo Menrampa Lobzang Chodrak was one of the Tibetan doctors who played important role in field of Mongolian Medicine.
In the course of the research, we have summarized data of over 10 sources and determined that the following books and sutras have been written in medicine without overlapping. From the many of the medical works of Dharmo maaramba wrote, medical sutra that was written in text during his time among Mongols, was found Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, which indicates that he has had a profound impact on Mongolian medicine and the literature spread through Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China and Mongolia and is still being used in training, research and practice. In the ancient Tibetan books, the Dharmo maaramba was pronounced in Mongolian as «Darkhan Tengeryn Ezen,” «Otoch Khan» and «Dharmo Emch.”
His name was included in the list of teachers of Zaya Bandida Luvsanprinlei (1642-1708), which is undoubtedly the fact that Dharmo maaramba was his teacher.