Background: Numerous international studies have established that the antibacterial activity of honey is attributed to its key components, including hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, peptides, polyphenolic compounds, high sugar content, and acidic pH. Despite the vast consumption of different types of honey in Mongolia, there is a lack of sufficient scientific evidence on their antibacterial properties, which served as the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: A study comparing the antibacterial activity of honey commonly traded in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using an experimental research design. Eight standard pathogenic bacterial strains were utilized: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1706, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700699, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606. A total of 14 honey samples were selected for the study, comprising 11 samples sourced from the Uvs, Tuv, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, Dornod, Darkhan, Selenge, and Khuvsgul provinces of Mongolia, and 3 Manuka-type honey samples from Australia. The samples were serially diluted in broth using a 96-well U-bottom microtiter plate. One microliter of each bacterial suspension was added, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. Subsequently, the cultures were spread onto Mueller-Hinton agar and incubated under the same conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by evaluating bacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal activity, respectively. Result: Among the tested samples, the Manuka honey with MGO 570 and the honey collected from Tumentsogt soum in Sukhbaatar province exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5% (v/v) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25% (v/v). In contrast, the antibacterial activity of Manuka honey with UMF 5 and the honeys sourced from Tuv, Uvs, and Khalkhgol soum in Dornod province demonstrated MIC and MBC values of 25% (v/v) and 50% (v/v), respectively. The Manuka honey with MGO 30, as well as the honeys collected from Selenge, Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, and Rashaant and Tarialan soums in Khuvsgul province, showed comparatively weaker activity against MRSA, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion 1. The antibacterial activity of natural and cultivated floral honeys was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against eight standard bacterial strains. 2. All seven natural floral honey samples exhibited measurable antibacterial effects against the tested strains, whereas some of the cultivated floral honey samples showed no observable activity against certain bacterial strains.

Background: Sarcopenia is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. In recent years, neurotrophic and neuromuscular biomarkers have been investigated as potential diagnostic indicators of sarcopenia; however, evidence regarding their sex-specific differences remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the sex-specific associations of serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels with sarcopenia and muscle-related parameters among older adults. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included adults aged 60 years and older. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) criteria. Serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels were measured using ELISA. Group differences were analyzed using independent t-tests, correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis, and diagnostic performance for sarcopenia was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants in either the male or female groups (all p>0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated AUC values ranging from 0.540 to 0.542 in males and from 0.508 to 0.530 in females for BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.04–1.21, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66–0.91, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia, whereas BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 showed no independent association with sarcopenia. Conclusions 1. No statistically significant sex-specific differences were observed in serum BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 levels between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults (all p>0.05). 2. CAF22 levels were weakly negatively correlated with muscle mass and fat-free mass index in males (p<0.05), whereas BDNF levels showed weak positive correlations with handgrip strength and fat-free mass index in females (p<0.05). CAF22 levels also demonstrated a weak positive correlation with age (p<0.05). 3. ROC and multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated limited diagnostic utility of BDNF, GDNF, and CAF22 for sarcopenia (AUC=0.508–0.542), and none of these biomarkers showed an independent association with sarcopenia (all p>0.05). In contrast, older age (OR=1.12, p=0.003) and lower fat-free mass index (OR=0.78, p=0.001) were significantly associated with sarcopenia.

Background: Dermatomyofibroma (DMF) represents a rare and distinct benign cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic differentiation. Approximately 150 cases of DMF have been documented in the literature. Nevertheless, the occurrence of DMF on the face is exceptionally rare. Clinically, DMF is often misdiagnosed as a scar, keloid or dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Thus, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses are instrumental in establishing a differential diagnosis. We present a rare case of dermatomyofibroma that occurred in the facial region. Case presentation: A 20-year-old female patient presented to Sundara Dermatology Clinic in August 2025, with a lesion that had persisted for two years on her left masseteric region. Previously, she had consulted at the National Dermatology Center, where she was diagnosed with “acne scar” and underwent an intradermal triamcinolone injection once. However, the treatment proved ineffective, and the lesion gradually increased in size. Upon physical examination, a poorly circumscribed, irregularly elevated, firm, brown plaque measuring 2.5 x 2 cm in size was observed on the left upper chin, extending to the preauricular region. Diagnosis: A skin biopsy was performed to establish the diagnosis. Histopathological examination suggested differentiating Dermatomyofibroma from Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis utilizing CD34 and SMA markers was conducted. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical findings, the final diagnosis was confirmed as Dermatomyofibroma. Treatment: The standard treatment for DMF is complete surgical excision of the tumor. After providing the patient with an accurate diagnosis and recommending surgical excision, she underwent a surgery and the tumor was completely excised. To date, no instances of recurrence have been noted. Conclusion Dermatomyofibroma is a rare benign cutaneous neoplasm characterized by clinical features that overlap with other dermatological conditions, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. We emphasize the critical role of skin biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis in cases with similar clinical manifestations, thereby mitigating the risk of further misconduct.

Background: Basal cell carcinoma stands as the most prevalent cutaneous malignancy, originating from the basal cells of the epidermis. Approximately 4 million new cases are diagnosed globally annually. In contrast, schwannoma is a rare benign nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells. The simultaneous occurrence of these two tumors within a single lesion is exceedingly uncommon. We present a rare case of basal cell carcinoma coexisting with cutaneous schwannoma. Case Presentation: A 68-year-old European male patient presented to Sundara Dermatology Clinic in April 2025 with a complaint of a persistent facial lesion that had not healed. The lesion initially manifested in June 2024 as a small, asymptomatic lesion, which the patient disregarded, attributing it to minor trauma during shaving. Recently, the lesion has exhibited an increase in size and occasional bleeding. Upon the physical examination, a round to oval-shaped, elevated papular lesion with central ulceration and crusting was observed on the right nasolabial fold. Diagnosis: A skin biopsy was conducted to ascertain the diagnosis. Histopathological examination indicated the presence of basal cell carcinoma in conjunction with schwannoma or neuroma, necessitating a differential diagnosis. Immunohistochemical analysis employing markers such as S100, BCL2, P63, CD10, and actin was performed. Upon analyzing the histological and immunohistochemical findings, the final diagnosis was confirmed as Basal cell carcinoma coexisting with schwannoma. Treatment: Surgical excision is the standard treatment for both basal cell carcinoma and schwannoma. The patient was advised accordingly and underwent complete surgical removal of the tumor. No recurrence has been observed during postoperative follow-up. Conclusion The coexistence of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous schwannoma within a single lesion is exceedingly rare. Clinically, basal cell carcinoma frequently mimics other dermatological conditions, necessitating meticulous differentiation. It is imperative to emphasize the paramount importance of skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis and optimal treatment selection.

Background: The average age at menarche (AAM) among girls is influenced by various factors, including the socioeconomic status of the country, geographical location, and anthropometric characteristics. In Mongolia, limited research has been conducted on this topic Aim: This study aimed to compare the mean age at menarche among girls living in Bayanzürkh District of Ulaanbaatar and those in Uvs Province. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2025. The study participants included schoolgirls aged 8 years and older from general education schools located in Bayanzürkh District and Uvs Province. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.5.1 (RStudio 2025.05.1-513) Results: A total of 486 girls participated in the study. The mean age at menarche among the participants was 12.23±1.29 years. The mean age at menarche among girls aged 8–18 years in Bayanzürkh District was 11.84±1.19 years, while that among girls aged 8–18 years in Uvs Province was 12.97±1.15 years. Thus, girls in Bayanzürkh District experienced menarche 1.13 years earlier on average than those in Uvs Province. The difference in mean AAM between urban (Ulaanbaatar) and rural (Uvs Province) girls was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion The mean age at menarche among girls residing in Bayanzürkh District was significantly lower than that of girls living in Uvs Province, indicating a tendency toward earlier onset of menarche in urban areas.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2022, 19.9 million people were diagnosed with cancer globally, and 9.7 million people died from the disease. In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rapidly increasing, ranking 4th among all cancers with 18.4 cases and 8.1 deaths per 100,000 population. In Mongolia, 826 new cases of CRC have been registered over the past six years, with an incidence rate of 8.2 cases and a mortality rate of 5.03 per 100,000 population. It is projected that by 2030, the incidence will reach 13.28 cases and the mortality rate will rise to 8.72 per 100,000 population. We aimed to comprehensively examine the risk factors for colorectal cancer among the population of Mongolia, establish a scientific basis for early detection and prevention, and strengthen preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted from 2022 to 2024. The study enrolled a total of 305 subjects, including 98 patients with colorectal cancer, 101 patients with colon polyps, and 106 healthy subjects. The risk. questionnaire consisted of 50 questions divided into 10 sections. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. categorical data was represented as numbers and percentages. Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factor associated with recurrence. The study protocol was approved by Ethics Review Committee of Ministry of Health of Mongolia on 17 March 2023 (approval number: 23/012). Results: The average age of the participants was 57.1±12.8 years. Among all study participants, 37.6% (115) were male and 62.4% (188) were female. Comparison of colorectal cancer incidence by age and gender revealed no statistically significant differences (p=0.021; p=0.422). Regular physical exercise was found to have a protective effect against colorectal cancer (p=0.076; OR 0.341 95% Cl 0.118-.0986). The frequency of fruit consumption, 4 to 6 times per week (p=0.008, OR 0.08, 95% Cl 0.01-0.45), frequency of vegetable consumption 4 to 6 times per week (p<0.00; OR 0.07, 95% Cl 0.02-0.19), no dining out (0.007, OR 0.3, 95% Cl 0.18-0.68), and meat consumption (p=0.001) are decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusion The patient's age and the presence of colon polyps are risk factors for colorectal cancer, while regular physical activity and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables are protective factors that help reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Background: Since ancient times, humans have used medicinal plants for medicinal purposes, and they have been recognized as beneficial to health. The basis of the treatment of these plants is phytochemical substances and in modern times, with the development of science and technology, the substances contained in these plants are extracted and medicinal substances and drugs are produced to treat many diseases. There are more than 800 medicinal plants in Mongolia, and their chemical structure and properties are studied in detail, biological activity and main features are discovered, and new medicines are produced. From the Thalictrum squarrosum plant, 25 compounds have been identified, such as triterpenoids with 17 carbon atoms in the cycloartane type ring, saponins, oleic acid glycosides, phytosterols and their glycosides etc., and the structures of 7 new compounds have been determined and the research on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity has been limited, which is the basis for this research. Aim: Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Thalictrum squarrosum. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Chicolte color reagent in 1.0 raw material of the Thalictrum squarrosum. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, FRAB and ABTS in sub-extracts of 4 groups. Results: The total phenolic compounds of Thalictrum squarrosum were determined to be 1.9±0.001%. In the study of biological activity of Thalictrum squarrosum plants, the antioxidant activity of 4 groups of sub-extracts was tested by DPPH method, and the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 201.58±0.1 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 94.34±0.66 μg/ml, aqueous extract 824.18±0.08 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 128.75±0.58 μg/ml. When tested by ABTS method, the IC50 of total alkaloids (pH 9-10) was 35.83±0.44 μg/ml, ethyl acetate sub-extract 90.45±0.62 μg/ml, aqueous extract 104.19±0.93 μg/ml, dichloromethane sub-extract 156.44±0.48 μg/ml, and butanol sub-extract 170.03±0.61 μg/ml. When tested for antioxidant activity at 800 μg/ml by the FRAB method, the ethyl acetate sub-extract was 8946.16±14.79 μg/ml, the dichloromethane sub-extract was 1670.12±39.28 μg/ml, the butanol sub-extract was 4863.97±25.98 μg/ml, and the total alkaloids (pH 9-10) were 4897.99±58.12 μg/ml. Conclusion The ethyl acetate extract of the plant Thalictrum squarrosum has been found to be highly antioxidant active and total phenolic compound was 1.9±0.001%.

Background: From the perspective of traditional medicine, researchers believe that the individual’s innate quality has a reciprocal effect on the physiological level. The study of body-specific quality differences is important for improving disease risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Therefore, explaining the features of traditional medicine with some physiological parameters and establishing the relationship between them is clinically significant and important for predicting disease risk and developing individualized treatment methods, which is the basis of this research. Aim: To establish the correlation between an individual’s innate unique constitution and specific biochemical indicators. Materials and Methods: The innate unique constitution of individuals was determined using electronic data, and the relationships between their characteristics and levels of uric acid, creatinine, urea, and glucose in the blood were analyzed. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study. Among them, the Shar-Khi constitution was the most prevalent, with 28 cases (27.45%), while the Khi-Badgan constitution was the least common, with 13 cases (12.75%). Individuals with the Khi-Shar constitution exhibited the highest urea level at 4.47 ммоль/л, whereas those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 4.15 ммоль/л. The uric acid level was highest in individuals with the Shar-Khi constitution at 316.15 µmol/L and lowest in those with the Badgan-Shar constitution at 261.36 µmol/L (p<0.001). Furthermore, individuals with the Badgan-Khi constitution had the highest creatinine level at 73.51 µmol/L, while those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 63.97 µmol/L (p<0.001). The blood glucose level was highest in individuals with the Khi-Badgan constitution at 4.59 ммоль/л and lowest in those with the Khi-Shar constitution at 4.21 ммоль/л. Kidney function indicators, particularly creatinine, significantly correlated with blood glucose levels (r=0.67, p<0.01). Higher uric acid and creatinine levels were associated with elevated blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that variations in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels among different unique constitutions could be utilized to predict the risk of kidney disease or diabetes. Conclusion Depending on the individual characteristics of traditional medicine, kidney and blood sugar parameters are different and related to each other, and can assess the state of diabetes and kidney disease. Determining the inherent characteristics of an individual is considered important for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes and kidney disease.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are often considered a form of contraception by women of reproductive age because of their reversible, effective, safe, and convenient nature. However, its complications include bleeding, infection, displacement, and uterine perforation. Effective contraception can minimize the risk of unintended pregnancy, particularly for women who have additional health risks associated with unintended pregnancy. Intrauterine device (IUD) is considered to be a highly effective and reversible method of contraception (long-acting reversible contraceptives) that is suitable for most women, highly effective, affordable, and requires minimum patient compliance [1]. Despite being infrequent, perforation constitutes a significant complication associated with IUD insertion, with an estimated incidence of 0.8–2.2 per 1,000 insertions [2, 3]. Ultrasound is the preferred diagnostic modality in cases where partial embedding of the IUD is suspected. However, when the IUD extends near or beyond the uterine serosa, radiologists can more confidently diagnose embedding [4]. The patient is a 44-year-old woman with four children. She gave birth for the first time in 1997. A contraceptive device was inserted in 1999, and another was placed four months after her 2009 delivery. She does not recall the date when she had the latter device removed and has no record of having seen it. This case represents a rare instance of secondary bladder stone formation resulting from migration of an intrauterine device (T-shaped IUD) into the bladder. Rapid diagnostic methods, including ultrasonography, CT, and cystoscopy, along with endoscopic surgical intervention, proved to be the most effective approach for both diagnosis and treatment.

Safety and effectiveness of COVID 19 vaccine among pregnant woman Introduction: Major International Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC), American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) recommend that use of COVID 19 vaccine for people who are pregnant, breastfeeding and trying to get pregnant. Objective: To determine the safety and effectiveness of COVID 19 vaccine among pregnant woman. Materials and methods: In this prospective study, we collected data from pregnant woman who are receiving their antenatal care at the general hospitals of Ulaanbaatar city and National Center for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia between July 1, 2021 and August 20, 2021. The survey data were collected four categories of questionnaires. An ultrasound scan performed to screening of fetal anomalies and to assess fetal growth at 12, 20, 28, 36 weeks of pregnancy. Results: Among the total of 420 pregnant woman, 193 (46.0%) have received COVID 19 vaccine and 227 (54.0%) were not. (1:1) The most commonly reported adverse events in pregnant participants were injection site pain (63.2%), myalgia (45.2%), headache (44.9%) and fatigue (40%). Furthermore, complications of pregnancy were 11.5% of vaccinated group and 7.8% of the other group and it has shown that pregnancy complications was not statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups (x^2 = 1.62, p = 0.205) Pregnant woman with COVID 19 infections were 73.6% (n=39) of unvaccinated group and 26.4% (n=14) of vaccinated group. Whether to relate between COVID 19 vaccination and COVID 19 infections were statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups. According to the result, COVID 19 vaccine has an effectiveness of 91% for the pregnant woman if they continue to administer the prevention method of COVID 19 infections (same as before the vaccination: wearing a mask, keep a safe distance). The risk of fetal anomalies at first trimester and 20 weeks gestation were not statistically significant in differentiating to the study groups. These results demonstrate that the COVID 19 vaccine does not affects fetus by now. Conclusions: In this study, COVID 19 vaccine does not increase a risk of pregnancy and medical complications. The prevalence of COVID 19 infection was statistically significant in differentiating to the both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. It shows that COVID19 vaccines have became a crucial tools for reducing the incidence of COVID 19 infection in pregnancy.