Employing bibliometric methods and adhering to principles of textual research， this study systematically investigated prescription source， formula name， composition evolution， dose evolution， origin， processing， ancient and modern applications of Xiaofengsan. Xiaofengsan， also known as Renshen Xiaofengsan and Chantui Xiaofengsan， was first recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejijufang（hereafter referred to as Jufang） of the Southern Song dynasty. The formula composition included Schizonepetae Spica， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Notoptery Rhizoma et Radix， Bombyx Batryticatus， Saposhnikoviae Radix， Poria， Cicadae Periostracum， Pogostemonis Herba， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， a total of 12 medicinal materials. In terms of the evolution of formula composition， formulas across dynasties largely aligned with those recorded in Jufang， with only minor variations in application. The results of the formula dosage research indicated that one dose of medication in Jufang corresponded to the following modern dosages：Schizonepetae Spica of 82.6 g， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Chuanxiong Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Notoptery Rhizoma et Radix of 82.6 g， Bombyx Batryticatus of 82.6 g， Saposhnikoviae Radix of 82.6 g， Poria of 82.6 g， Cicadae Periostracum of 82.6 g， Pogostemonis Herba of 82.6 g， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex of 20.65 g and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium of 20.65 g， the origins of all the constituent drugs were consistent with the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The results of the investigation into the decoction method indicated that the aforementioned drugs should be finely ground into powder（pass through the No.5 sieve）， and 8.26 g was taken for each dose， which was taken with the clear liquid obtained by steeping tea leaves in boiling water for several minutes. This mixture was administered three times daily， 30 min after meals. The ancient functional indications of this formula mainly involved dispelling wind-heat， eliminating pathogenic factors and regulating the middle Jiao. It primarily treated all wind-heat syndromes manifesting as skin diseases， predominantly affecting the upper body， especially the head and face. The diseases involved in modern applications were mostly dermatological diseases， including urticaria， eczema， atopic dermatitis and others. In this paper， by combing the relevant ancient literature， the key information of Xiaofengsan was textual researched， in order to provide reference for the modern application and development of this formula.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Objective In this study,patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH)were selected as a model for spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome(SANS)to conduct an eye movement manipulation intervention experiment.The aim was to explore whether eye movements have an effect on reducing the subarachnoid space around the optic nerve.Methods Twenty-three patients with IIH who met the inclusion criteria were subjected to history taking,collection of basic systemic data including age,height,weight,and blood pressure,and baseline data collection including intraocular pressure(prone)and transorbital ultrasound optic nerve sheath complex image acquisition.The subjects were then subjected to the eye movements intervention and IOP(prone)and transorbital ultrasound optic nerve sheath complex image acquisition were measured at 10 minutes,30 minutes and again 3 days after the intervention.Results The study enrolled 23 subjects with an average age of(29.58±11.25)years and a mean BMI of(28.56±6.3)kg/m2.The average cerebrospinal fluid pressure through lumbar puncture was(310.25±20.78)mmH2O.There were no significant changes in intraocular pressure at various time points before and after the eye movement exercises(P=1.000).Similarly,there were no significant changes in the diameter of the optic nerve at 3 mm and 5 mm posterior to the globe(P=1.000).However,the diameter of the optic nerve sheath at 5 mm posterior to the globe,as well as the width of the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve at 3 mm and 5 mm posterior to the globe,and the area of the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve from 3 mm to 5 mm posterior to the globe,all decreased significantly after performing eye movement exercises for 10 minutes and 30 minutes.These measures returned to baseline levels after three days of eye movement exercises,with significant differences observed across time points(P<0.05).Specifically,compared to baseline values,the diameter of the optic nerve sheath at 5 mm posterior to the globe decreased by 0.33 mm(95%CI:0.034-0.624,P=0.02)after performing 30 minutes of eye movement exercises.Additionally,the width of the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve at 3 mm and 5 mm posterior to the globe decreased by 0.2 mm(95%CI:?0.037-0.452,P=0.034)and 0.29 mm(95%CI:?0.265-0.344,P=0.01),respectively.Finally,the area of the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve from 3 mm to 5 mm posterior to the globe decreased by 0.21 mm2(95%CI:0.155-0.762,P=0.02).Conclusion This study initially proposes an eye movement manipulation method(eye movement exercise)that can reduce the subarachnoid space gap of the optic nerve posterior to the globe,including the direction,duration,rhythm,and frequency of eye movements.It was found that regular eye movements for a certain period of time can deform the optic nerve sheath,compress the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve posterior to the globe,and narrow its gap.As the duration and frequency of eye movement exercises increase,the width or area of the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve decreases more significantly.However,eye movement exercises cannot maintain the deformation of the optic nerve sheath for a long time,and after a certain period of time,the gap of the optic nerve sheath returns to baseline levels.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Objective To analyze the age-related changes in proximal pulmonary artery(PPA)based on computed tomography pulmonary angiography(CTPA)images.Methods A total of 327 patients who underwent CTPA were retrospectively selected.Participants were stratified into six age groups by decade:20-29,30-39,40-49,50-59,60-69,and≥70 years.The main pul-monary artery(MPA),right pulmonary artery(RPA),and left pulmonary artery(LPA)were segmented.A cross-section within 1.5 mm of the vascular bifurcation was selected to measure the cross-sectional area(A)and perimeter(P).The hydraulic diameter(Dh)was calculated by 4A/P,and the diameter of a circle of equal area was calculated as the fitted diameter(Dfit).Results Correlation analy-sis revealed positive correlations between age and the diameters of the MPA(r=0.260-0.340,P＜0.01),RPA(r=0.414-0.494,P＜0.01),and LPA(r=0.405-0.478,P＜0.01).For the MPA,the Dfit and Dh showed no significant increase in the first three age groups(P＞0.05);the Dh in the 50-59,60-69,and≥70 age groups was significantly higher than that in the first three age groups(P＜0.05).In the RPA,the Dh and Dfit of the 30-39 age group were significantly higher than those of the 20-29 age group(P＜0.05);the Dh and Dfit of the 50-59 age group were significantly higher than those of the first three age groups(P＜0.05).In the LPA,the Dh and Dfit of the 60-69 age group were significantly higher than those of the first three age groups(P＜0.05).The Dh of both the RPA and LPA was independent predictors of age.Conclusion Pulmonary artery stiffness shows no significant changes in the 20-29,30-39,and 40-49 age groups,but becomes significant starting from the 50-59 age group.The Dh of the bilateral pulmonary artery trunks are age-related predictors.

During long-term on-orbit flight, astronauts are affected by many factors such as weightlessness and space radiation, and their vision is also affected.Reduced visual perception has been described among the complaints of astronauts on mission.Space-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to ocular physiological, neurological, and neuroimaging findings observed in astronauts after prolonged spaceflight.NASA first described the clinical manifestations of the disease in 2011, including optic disc edema, eyeball flattening, choroidal folds, and far-sighted displacement.Although the exact pathogenesis of SANS is still under investigation, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this neuro-ocular phenomenon.Based on previous studies, this review summarizes the current hypotheses on the pathogenesis and influencing factors of SANS, the methods used to study simulated weightlessness on the ground, and the corresponding prevention and intervention measures.This burgeoning field of research is helping to protect the eye safety of astronauts and realize the possibility of future space travel.

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, particularly breakthroughs in large models, AI applications in healthcare are becoming increasingly widespread.Ophthalmology, as a critical branch of medicine, has emerged as a clinical specialty with comprehensive AI research and applications, especially in the AI-driven analysis of ophthalmic imaging.Currently, AI in ophthalmology is undergoing profound transformation driven by large model technology.AI large models, with their robust data comprehension and multimodal interaction capabilities, offer new possibilities for the diagnosis, treatment, and health education of ophthalmic diseases, powerfully propelling the evolution of current AI paradigms in ophthalmology.This article explores the novel opportunities brought by the extensive application of AI large models in ophthalmic research and practice, and provides recommendations for ophthalmologists and insights for industry development.

During long-term on-orbit flight, astronauts are affected by many factors such as weightlessness and space radiation, and their vision is also affected.Reduced visual perception has been described among the complaints of astronauts on mission.Space-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to ocular physiological, neurological, and neuroimaging findings observed in astronauts after prolonged spaceflight.NASA first described the clinical manifestations of the disease in 2011, including optic disc edema, eyeball flattening, choroidal folds, and far-sighted displacement.Although the exact pathogenesis of SANS is still under investigation, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this neuro-ocular phenomenon.Based on previous studies, this review summarizes the current hypotheses on the pathogenesis and influencing factors of SANS, the methods used to study simulated weightlessness on the ground, and the corresponding prevention and intervention measures.This burgeoning field of research is helping to protect the eye safety of astronauts and realize the possibility of future space travel.

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, particularly breakthroughs in large models, AI applications in healthcare are becoming increasingly widespread.Ophthalmology, as a critical branch of medicine, has emerged as a clinical specialty with comprehensive AI research and applications, especially in the AI-driven analysis of ophthalmic imaging.Currently, AI in ophthalmology is undergoing profound transformation driven by large model technology.AI large models, with their robust data comprehension and multimodal interaction capabilities, offer new possibilities for the diagnosis, treatment, and health education of ophthalmic diseases, powerfully propelling the evolution of current AI paradigms in ophthalmology.This article explores the novel opportunities brought by the extensive application of AI large models in ophthalmic research and practice, and provides recommendations for ophthalmologists and insights for industry development.