Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce mouse mononuclear macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) to establish the inflammation model for investigating the effect and mechanism of Mailuoning oral liquid on arteriosclerosis occlusion (ASO) in vitro. RAW264.7 cells viability was measured by MTT assay. NO concentration was determined by Griess. mRNA levels and protein expressions of NFAT5/NLRP3 signaling pathway were detected by Q-PCR and Western blot. The relationship between NFAT5 and NLRP3 was explored by cellular transfection of NFAT5-siRNA combined with Western blot. Nuclear translocation of NFAT5 was detected by immunofluorescence. The results showed that Mailuoning oral liquid decreased the NO release induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. The mRNA levels of NFAT5, NLRP3, caspase1, IL-18 and MMP9, the protein expressions of NFAT5, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase1 (p20) and the phosphorylation of NF-κB-P65 were decreased after administration of Mailuoning oral liquid. NFAT5-siRNA significantly reversed the increase in protein expressions of NLRP3 induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Both Mailuoning oral liquid and KRN2 (NFAT5 inhibitor) could inhibit the expressions and nuclear translocation of NFAT5. In conclusion, Mailuoning oral liquid exert significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro by inhibiting the NFAT5/NLRP3 signaling pathway, and NFAT5 might be involved in regulating the expressions of NLRP3.

Objective:To explore the coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccination and factors influencing the vaccination in children.Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in children's parents in Beijing and Gansu by using two-stage cluster-sampling to investigate the influenza and pneumonia vaccination rates and influencing factors in children.Results:A total of 2 377 parents were included in the study, and the results indicated that the influenza vaccination coverage was 35.93% and the pneumonia vaccination coverage was 16.58% in children in survey areas, the vaccination rate of both vaccines was 11.65%. The top three reasons for vaccination for both vaccines were being aware of severity of the diseases (influenza vaccine: 36.02%; pneumonia vaccine: 49.61%), being required by school or organization (influenza vaccine: 28.76%; pneumonia vaccine: 25.45%) and being aware of the susceptibility of the diseases (influenza vaccine: 26.41%; pneumonia vaccine: 13.88%). The top three reasons for having no vaccinations were personal unwillingness, concern about vaccine and vaccine accessibility. Families with multi children, living in rural areas and lower family income were the negative factors for both types of vaccinations.Conclusions:The influenza and pneumonia vaccination coverage in children need further improvement, and rural families and families with multi children are the key concern groups for expanding vaccination coverage. Health education about influenza and pneumonia vaccinations, coordinating vaccine supply and decreasing vaccine prices play an important role in improving influenza and pneumonia vaccination coverage.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To explore the material basis and mechanism of Crataegi Fructus in improving metabolic hypertension(MH) by using network pharmacology and molecular docking technique.METHODS The components of Crataegi Fructus were collected by HERB, ETCM database and literature survey; screening all ingredients of Crataegi Fructus to improve MH targets through databases such as SwissTargetPrediction and GeneCards; build "active ingredient-target-disease" network of Crataegi Fructus with Cytoscape software; DAVID was used to analyze GO enrichment and KEGG pathway. The core components and core targets were verified by molecular docking with Autodock software. RESULTS The total of 89 active components were screened from Crataegi Fructus and acted on 84 targets. Among them, the core active components of Crataegi Fructus to improve MH were maslinic acid, fomefficinic acid B, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, methyl-n-nonylketone, apigenin, ursolic acid, etc. The core targets were CYP19A1, PPARA, ESR1, PTGS2, PPARG, NR3C1, MMP9, TNF, etc. The mechanism of action mainly involved multiple signaling pathways such as inflammation, glycolipid metabolism, and vascular endothelial function. Molecular docking showed that the core active ingredients of Crataegi Fructus had high affinity with core targets. CONCLUSION Crataegi Fructus may regulate multiple signaling pathways such as TNF, IL-17, AGE-RAGE, HIF-1, cGMP-PKG through multi-component regulation, thereby inhibiting inflammatory response, improving glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities, and improving vascular endothelial function, so as to comprehensively exert the role of improving MH in various aspects.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important factor for the occurrence and development of CKD. The protective effect of dihydroartemisinin on AKI and and reported mechanism have not been reported. In this study, we used two animal models including ischemia-reperfusion and UUO, as well as a high-glucose-stimulated HK-2 cell model, to evaluate the protective effect of dihydroartemisinin on premature senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that dihydroartemisinin improved renal aging and renal injury by activating autophagy. In addition, we found that co-treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, abolished the anti-renal aging effect of dihydroartemisinin in vitro. These findings suggested that activation of autophagy/elimination of senescent cell might be a useful strategy to prevent AKI/UUO induced renal tubular senescence and fibrosis.
Animals ; Kidney ; Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced* ; Ischemia ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy* ; Autophagy ; Reperfusion

Human challenge trial (HCT) is a test in which human volunteers are intentionally infected with pathogens in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate preventive or therapeutic drugs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the HCT of vaccines has aroused people's attention due to its significant advantages over clinical trial. This paper introduces the concept, development and application of HCT, the advantages and limitations of HCT for vaccine evaluation, and the consideration of future HCT of COVID-19 vaccine in China.

Objective:To investigate the incidence and determinants of vaccine hesitancy towards national immunization program in China and understand the current status of parents' hesitancy to different vaccines used in national immunization program.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing, Sichuan and Gansu. The methods of proportional probability sampling and convenience sampling were used to select the eligible study subjects for questionnaire surveys.Results:A total of 3 592 parents were enrolled in the study, in whom 38.22% fully accepted all the vaccines, 59.35% agreed to let their children to receive all the vaccines but showed slight concern, and 2.42% had hesitancy to the vaccines. The vaccine with the most hesitancy was polio vaccine (0.89%), followed by diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine (0.70%) and hepatitis A vaccine (0.64%). The dominant reason for vaccine hesitancy was the risk-benefit perception of vaccination (31.03%), followed by the low awareness of the parents (21.84%) and the inconvenience caused by distance and time (21.84%).Conclusions:The incidence of vaccine hesitancy towards national immunization program was low in parents in China, but over 50% of the parents showed concern to the vaccines. It is essential to improve the service quality of national immunization program and strengthen the health education about the vaccination to reduce the incidence of vaccine hesitancy in parents.

Objective:This study intended to explore the current sexual and childbearing stigma, experienced by chronic hepatitis B patients in China, and to develop related preventive strategies.Methods:We used a self-made questionnaire to investigate the sexual and childbearing stigma suffered by chronic hepatitis B patients in four provinces of China. Analysis of variance and chi-square test were used to compare the differences on sexual and childbearing stigma indexes between different demographic variables.Results:We surveyed 797 chronic hepatitis B patients in four provinces. Among them, 4.15 % (28/675) of the patients were persuaded not to give birth to children, and 4.67 % (10/210) of patients were told to stop pregnancy, by their medical care takers or by members from the family planning institutions. 3.62 % (25/690) and 3.48 % (24/690) of the patients were not able to enjoy the family planning or reproductive health services as they were stigmatized,suffered, as having HBV infection. Among the male chronic hepatitis B patients, the under 30 years group suffered less sexual and childbearing stigma than those who were aged 31- ( P=0.011) or 51 and above year-olds ( P=0.009). Among female chronic hepatitis B patients, the 31- year-olds group suffered less sexual and childbearing stigma than those under 30 years group but higher than those aged 41- ( P=0.001) or 51 and above ones ( P<0.001). Patients with knowledge on route of sexual transmission for HBV, were more likely to practice less related sexual behaviors than those without such knowledge ( P=0.022). Patients who were aware or not that condoms could reduce the risk of HBV infection did not show statistically significant difference on sex behaviors ( P=0.612). Conclusions:Chronic hepatitis B patients did suffer from sexual and childbearing related stigma, with women aged 31-40 years old the most. It is necessary to advocate on the advantage of condom use for prevention of HBV transmission among pregnant women, both horizontally and vertically. Strategies on protection the rights of patients with hepatitis B should be developed and strengthened.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of FoxM1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( ESCC) cell lines and tissues.Methods Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of FoxM1in human esophageal epithelial cells and esophageal squamous cell cancer cell lines TE1, TE10, TE11 and Eca109 cells.To determine whether down-regulation of FoxM1 expression could inhibit the aggressive phenotype of ESCC cells, we knocked down the expression of FoxM1 by using FoxM1-shRNA in TE1 cells.Then we detected the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of TE1 cells by MTT assay, scratch assay and transwell assay.Furthermore, the effect of FoxM1 knockdown on tumorigenicity in nude mice was evaluated.Finally, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of FoxM1 in 99 cases of ESCC tissues and adjacent normal esophageal tissues.χ2 test was used to analyze the correlations between the expression of FoxM1 and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of ESCC patients.Results Western blot data showed that FoxM1 expression was lower in normal esophageal epithelial cells and highly expressed in four esophageal cancer cell lines, especially in TE1 cells.Knockdown of FoxM1 inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of TE1 cells and reduced their tumorigenicity in nude mice.The positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC was 61.6%(61/99), significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (24.2%, 24/99) (P<0.05).The positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC tissues was 61.6%( 61/99 ) , significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues ( 24.2%, 24/99) ( P<0.05) .FoxM1 expression was significantly and positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and invasive depth ( P<0.05).The median survival time was 42.3 months in 38 cases of patients with negative FoxM1 expression, and 33.0 months in 61 cases of positive FoxM1 expression, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.036).Conclusions FoxM1 is highly expressed in ESCC, and significantly correlated with the initiation, development and prognosis of esophageal cancer. FOXM1 might be an indicator to predict the prognosis and serve as a potential target for therapy in esophageal cancer.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of FoxM1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ( ESCC) cell lines and tissues.Methods Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of FoxM1in human esophageal epithelial cells and esophageal squamous cell cancer cell lines TE1, TE10, TE11 and Eca109 cells.To determine whether down-regulation of FoxM1 expression could inhibit the aggressive phenotype of ESCC cells, we knocked down the expression of FoxM1 by using FoxM1-shRNA in TE1 cells.Then we detected the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of TE1 cells by MTT assay, scratch assay and transwell assay.Furthermore, the effect of FoxM1 knockdown on tumorigenicity in nude mice was evaluated.Finally, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of FoxM1 in 99 cases of ESCC tissues and adjacent normal esophageal tissues.χ2 test was used to analyze the correlations between the expression of FoxM1 and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of ESCC patients.Results Western blot data showed that FoxM1 expression was lower in normal esophageal epithelial cells and highly expressed in four esophageal cancer cell lines, especially in TE1 cells.Knockdown of FoxM1 inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of TE1 cells and reduced their tumorigenicity in nude mice.The positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC was 61.6%(61/99), significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (24.2%, 24/99) (P<0.05).The positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC tissues was 61.6%( 61/99 ) , significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues ( 24.2%, 24/99) ( P<0.05) .FoxM1 expression was significantly and positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and invasive depth ( P<0.05).The median survival time was 42.3 months in 38 cases of patients with negative FoxM1 expression, and 33.0 months in 61 cases of positive FoxM1 expression, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.036).Conclusions FoxM1 is highly expressed in ESCC, and significantly correlated with the initiation, development and prognosis of esophageal cancer. FOXM1 might be an indicator to predict the prognosis and serve as a potential target for therapy in esophageal cancer.

Objective This study was to analyze the causes of the complications of ultrasound -guided percutaneous renal bi-opsy in children . Methods We retrospectively analyzed the complications of ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy in 236 children along with the age, sex, sample length, times of puncture, and types of disease of the patients .We used the binary Logistic regression model to analyze the influences of various factors on the post -biopsy complications . Results After renal biopsy , 22 (9.3%) of the patients experienced various degrees of but no severe complications .The incidence of complications was significantly correlated with the sample length (P<0.05), but not with the age, sex, sample length, times of puncture, and types of disease of the patients. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy is an effective diagnostic method for children , with a high suc-cess rate and a low incidence of complications .And the incidence of complications can be reduced by improving the skills of puncturing and accuracy of ultrasound positioning .