tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)—small RNA fragments derived from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)—fall into the category of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). They can be categorized into two major types: tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs). With the rapid advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, tsRNAs have been involved in a variety of biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and epigenetic inheritance, while also playing a significant role in tumor progression. The efficacy of radiotherapy is primarily affected by radiation-induced damage to normal tissues and the resistance of tumor cells to radiotherapy. It has been found that tsRNAs plays a significant role in radiation-induced cellular damage, as well as the modulation of radiation sensitivity and resistance. This highlights their potential as promising therapeutic targets in radiotherapy for tumors. This study reviews the origins, classification, biological functions of tRFs, as well as the advances in research on their role in tumor formation and progression and their applications in radiotherapy for tumors. This study aims to explore the research value of tRFs and their potential for application in radiotherapy for tumors.

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that can coordinate signal transduction between cells and extracellular matrix or between cells.The abnormal function of integrins is one of the recognized mechanisms of tumor development.As an important regulatory mode,post-translational modification can change the conformation and physicochemical properties of proteins,thus affecting their activities,stability and functions.After the modification of the integrin,such as glycosylation and methylation,the corresponding signal transduction pathway changes,and then affects cell adhesion,migration,differentiation and other life activities,involving in diverse physiology and pathological processes.Post-translational modifications of integrins are abundant in tumor progression and play a key role in regulating the growth,metastasis and drug resistance of different tumor cells.In this review,the structure and function,post-translational modification of integrins,and their relationship with occurrence and development of tumors will be discussed,in order to provide more explorable targets for the treatment of cancer.

The development of bone in human body and the maintenance of bone mass in adulthood are regulated by a variety of biological factors. Myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), as one of the many factors regulating bone tissue development and balance, has been shown to play a key role in bone development and metabolism. However, there is limited systematic analysis on the effects of MEF2C on bone tissue. This article reviews the role of MEF2C in bone development and metabolism. During bone development, MEF2C promotes the development of neural crest cells (NC) into craniofacial cartilage and directly promotes cartilage hypertrophy. In terms of bone metabolism, MEF2C exhibits a differentiated regulatory model across different types of osteocytes, demonstrating both promoting and other potential regulatory effects on bone formation, with its stimulating effect on osteoclasts being determined. In view of the complex roles of MEF2C in bone tissue, this paper also discusses its effects on some bone diseases, providing valuable insights for the physiological study of bone tissue and strategies for the prevention of bone diseases.
Humans ; MEF2 Transcription Factors/physiology* ; Bone and Bones/metabolism* ; Animals ; Bone Development/physiology* ; Osteogenesis/physiology* ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors/physiology*

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)—small RNA fragments derived from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)—fall into the category of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). They can be categorized into two major types: tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs). With the rapid advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, tsRNAs have been involved in a variety of biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and epigenetic inheritance, while also playing a significant role in tumor progression. The efficacy of radiotherapy is primarily affected by radiation-induced damage to normal tissues and the resistance of tumor cells to radiotherapy. It has been found that tsRNAs plays a significant role in radiation-induced cellular damage, as well as the modulation of radiation sensitivity and resistance. This highlights their potential as promising therapeutic targets in radiotherapy for tumors. This study reviews the origins, classification, biological functions of tRFs, as well as the advances in research on their role in tumor formation and progression and their applications in radiotherapy for tumors. This study aims to explore the research value of tRFs and their potential for application in radiotherapy for tumors.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic interstitial lung disease, is characterized by aberrant wound healing, excessive scarring and the formation of myofibroblastic foci. Although the role of alternative splicing (AS) in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis has garnered increasing attention, its specific contribution to pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we identified an up-regulation of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7) in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients and a bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse model, and further characterized its functional role in both human fetal lung fibroblasts and mice. We demonstrated that enhanced expression of Srsf7 in mice spontaneously induced alveolar collagen accumulation. Mechanistically, we investigated alternative splicing events and revealed that SRSF7 modulates the alternative splicing of pyruvate kinase (PKM), leading to metabolic dysregulation and fibroblast activation. In vivo studies showed that fibroblast-specific knockout of Srsf7 in conditional knockout mice conferred resistance to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, through drug screening, we identified lomitapide as a novel modulator of SRSF7, which effectively mitigated experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Collectively, our findings elucidate a molecular pathway by which SRSF7 drives fibroblast metabolic dysregulation and propose a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.

Objective:To construct a user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system and verify its clinical application effects, providing more efficient and convenient blood glucose management support for medical staff.Methods:This study was divided into a retrospective cohort study and a cross-sectional survey study. Using purposive sampling, 152 patients using insulin pumps in the non-endocrinology department of Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School from September to December 2021 were set as the control group, and 209 patients using insulin pumps in the same department from September to December 2022 were set as the experimental group. The control group was given insulin pump management based on the mode of the blood glucose management in hospital, while the experimental group, in addition to the insulin pump management based on the mode of blood glucose management in hospital, used a user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system. The incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps in non-endocrinology department and the standardization rate of insulin pump documentation records were compared between the control group and the experimental group. In December 2022, 119 system users were surveyed using convenience sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of the insulin pump information system.Results:In the control group, there were 89 males,63 females, aged (58.15 ± 7.89) years.In the experimental group,there were 113 males,96 females, aged (58.72 ± 8.93)years. The incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps was 1.48% (13/879) in the control group and 0.34%(4/1 182) in the experimental group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=8.02, P<0.05). The standardization rate of insulin pump paperwork in the experimental group was 90.1% (190/209), which was higher than that 48.02% (73/152) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=81.82, P<0.05). The average scores of each item in the system effectiveness evaluation questionnaire were all higher than the median of 2.5. Conclusions:The application of the user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system can reduce the incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps, improve the standardization rate of insulin pump nursing documentation, and users are satisfied with the effectiveness evaluation of the system.

Objective:To construct a user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system and verify its clinical application effects, providing more efficient and convenient blood glucose management support for medical staff.Methods:This study was divided into a retrospective cohort study and a cross-sectional survey study. Using purposive sampling, 152 patients using insulin pumps in the non-endocrinology department of Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School from September to December 2021 were set as the control group, and 209 patients using insulin pumps in the same department from September to December 2022 were set as the experimental group. The control group was given insulin pump management based on the mode of the blood glucose management in hospital, while the experimental group, in addition to the insulin pump management based on the mode of blood glucose management in hospital, used a user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system. The incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps in non-endocrinology department and the standardization rate of insulin pump documentation records were compared between the control group and the experimental group. In December 2022, 119 system users were surveyed using convenience sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of the insulin pump information system.Results:In the control group, there were 89 males,63 females, aged (58.15 ± 7.89) years.In the experimental group,there were 113 males,96 females, aged (58.72 ± 8.93)years. The incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps was 1.48% (13/879) in the control group and 0.34%(4/1 182) in the experimental group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=8.02, P<0.05). The standardization rate of insulin pump paperwork in the experimental group was 90.1% (190/209), which was higher than that 48.02% (73/152) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=81.82, P<0.05). The average scores of each item in the system effectiveness evaluation questionnaire were all higher than the median of 2.5. Conclusions:The application of the user-centered intelligent interactive insulin pump information management system can reduce the incidence of adverse events related to insulin pumps, improve the standardization rate of insulin pump nursing documentation, and users are satisfied with the effectiveness evaluation of the system.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Osteosarcopenia (OS) is a multifactorial, multiaetiologic degenerative metabolic syndrome in which sarcopenia coexists with osteoporosis, and its influences are related to aging-induced mechanics, genetics, inflammatory factors, endocrine disorders, and irregular lifestyles. With the accelerated aging process in our country, osteosarcopenia has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored, with a higher risk of falls, fractures, impaired mobility and death. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research on osteosarcopenia, but their pathogenesis is still unclear. Understanding the signaling pathways associated with osteosarcopenia is of great significance for further research on the pathogenesis of these disorders and for finding new targets for treatment. Studies have shown that activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway promotes osteoblast differentiation as well as skeletal muscle regeneration, indicating that inhibition of thePI3K/Akt signaling pathway is closely related to the development of osteosarcopenia. Muscle factor-mechanical stress interactions can maintain osteoblast viability by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that Wnt signaling is important in muscle and bone crosstalk. The Notch signaling pathway also plays an important role in improving bone and muscle mass and function, but different researchers hold different views, which need to be further validated and refined in subsequent studies. Exercise, as an existing non-pharmacological treatment with strong and sustained effects on physical function and muscle strength, also significantly increases bone density in osteoporosis patients, which may be mainly due to the fact that exercise induces changes in the form and function of bones, in the form of muscular pulling and indirectly improves the bone mass, and changes in the bone strength can also change the number, shape as well as the function of the muscles. At the same time, the mechanism of different exercise modalities focuses on different aspects, and there are differences in exercise time, exercise intensity, and therapeutic effects in the implementation of interventions. Aerobic exercise can improve the quality of skeletal muscle and increase the expression of osteogenesis-related genes by stimulating mitochondrial biosynthesis, as well as improve the quality and strength of bones and muscles through the Wnt/β- catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, effectively preventing and controlling the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. High-intensity resistance exercise has a significant effect on improving the quality of muscles and bone mineral density, but older people with osteosarcopenia suffer from a decline in muscle quality and strength, and a decline in bone mineral density, which makes them very susceptible to fracture, so they should select the intensity of the training in a gradual and orderly manner, from small to large. What kind of exercise intensity and exercise modalities are most effective in improving the occurrence and development of osteosarcopenia needs to be further investigated. Therefore, this paper mainly reviews the epidemiology of osteosarcopenia, diagnostic criteria, the related signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Notch pathway, NF-κB pathway) that jointly regulate the metabolic process of myocytes and skeletal cells, as well as the interventional effects of different exercise modes on osteosarcopenia, with the aim of providing theoretical bases for the clinical treatment of osteosarcopenia, as well as enhancing the preventive capacity of the disease in old age.

Osteoporosis leads to an imbalance in bone remodelling, where bone resorption is greater than bone formation and osteoclast degradation increases, resulting in severe bone loss. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various bone cells (including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoclasts), and is deeply involved in the bone remodelling process. In recent years, the role of autophagy in the progression of osteoporosis and related bone metabolic diseases has received more and more attention, and it has become a research hotspot in this field. Summarising the existing studies, it is found that senile osteoporosis is the result of a combination of factors. On the one hand, it is the imbalance of bone remodelling and the increase of bone resorption/bone formation ratio with ageing, which causes progressive bone loss. On the other hand, aging leads to a general decrease in the level of autophagy, a decrease in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and an inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. The lack of oestrogen leads to the immune system being in a low activation state, and the antioxidant capacity is weakened and inflammatory response is increased, inducing autophagy-related proteins to participate in the transmission of inflammatory signals, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skeleton, and negatively regulating bone formation. In addition, with aging and the occurrence of related diseases, glucocorticoid treatments also mediate autophagy in bone tissue cells, contributing to the decline in bone strength. Exercise, as an effective means of combating osteoporosis, improves bone biomechanical properties and increases bone density. It has been found that exercise induces oxidative stress, energy imbalance, protein defolding and increased intracellular calcium ions in the organism, which in turn activates autophagy. In bone, exercise of different intensities activates messengers such as ROS, PI3K, and AMP. These messengers signal downstream cascades, which in turn induce autophagy to restore dynamic homeostasis in vivo. During exercise, increased production of AMP, PI3K, and ROS activate their downstream effectors, AMPK, Akt, and p38MAPK, respectively, and these molecules in turn lead to activation of the autophagy pathway. Activation of AMPK inhibits mTOR activity and phosphorylates ULK1 at different sites, inducing autophagy. AMPK and p38 up-regulate per-PGC-1α activity and activate transcription factors in the nucleus, resulting in increased autophagy and lysosomal genes. Together, they activate FoxOs, whose transcriptional activity controls cellular processes including autophagy and can act on autophagy key proteins, while FoxOs proteins are expressed in osteoblasts. Exercise also regulates the expression of mTORC1, FoxO1, and PGC-1 through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, which ultimately plays a role in the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and regulates bone metabolism. In addition, BMPs signaling pathway and long chain non-coding RNAs also play a role in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and autophagy process under exercise stimulation. Therefore, exercise may become a new molecular regulatory mechanism to improve osteoporosis through the bone autophagy pathway, but the specific mechanism needs to be further investigated. How exercise affects bone autophagy and thus prevents and treats bone-related diseases will become a future research hotspot in the fields of biology, sports medicine and sports science, and it is believed that future studies will further reveal its mechanism and provide new theoretical basis and ideas.