INTRODUCTION: Approximately 1000 children die each year due to preventable water and sanitation-related diarrheal diseases. Six in 10 people lacked access to safely managed sanitation facilities in 2015. Numerous community- and school-based approaches have been implemented to eradicate open defecation practices, promote latrine ownership, improve situation sanitation, and reduce waterborne disease. OBJECTIVE: Given that current evidence for sanitation interventions seem promising, the aim of this study was to systematically summarize existing research on the effectiveness of community- and school-based randomized controlled sanitation intervention in improving (1) free open defecation (safe feces disposal), (2) latrine usage, (3) latrine coverage or access, and (4) improved latrine coverage or access. METHODS: Eight electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, WHO Global Health Library (GHL), Virtual Health Library (VHL), POPLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to 26 April 2019. Original randomized clinical trials addressing community-based or school-based intervention that reported feces disposal and latrine coverage were deemed eligible. More than two researchers independently contributed to screening of papers, data extraction, and bias assessment. We conducted a meta-analysis by random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Eighteen papers that matched all criteria and 16 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Compared to the control, the sanitation intervention significantly increased safe feces disposal (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.51-3.19, p < 0.05, I CONCLUSION Our study showed strong evidence for both community- and school-based sanitation interventions as effective for the safe disposal of human excreta. The finding suggests major implications for health policy and design of future intervention in developing countries.
Community Participation/statistics & numerical data* ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sanitation/instrumentation* ; School Health Services/statistics & numerical data* ; Toilet Facilities/statistics & numerical data*

Background: Dengue virus infection is a major public health problem. A hypothesis put forward for severe dengue is the cytokine storm, a sudden increase in cytokines that induces vascular permeability. Previous studies and our recent meta-analysis showed that IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF-A and VCAM-1 are associated with dengue shock syndrome. Therefore, in this study we aim to validate the association of these cytokines with severe dengue. Methods & Findings: In a hospital based-case control study in Vietnam, children with dengue fever, other febrile illness and healthy controls were recruited. Dengue virus infection was confirmed by several diagnostic tests. Multiplex immunoassay using Luminex technology was used to measure cytokines simultaneously. A positive association with dengue shock syndrome was found for VCAM-1, whereas a negative association was found for IFNγ. Furthermore, multivariate logistic analysis also showed that VCAM-1 and IFNγ were independently correlated with dengue shock syndrome. Conclusion: IFNγ and VCAM-1 were associated with dengue shock syndrome, although their role in the severe dengue pathogenesis remains unclear. Additional studies are required to shed further light on the function of these cytokines in severe dengue.

Background: Dengue virus infection is a major public health problem. A hypothesis put forward for severe dengue is the cytokine storm, a sudden increase in cytokines that induces vascular permeability. Previous studies and our recent meta-analysis showed that IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF-A and VCAM-1 are associated with dengue shock syndrome. Therefore, in this study we aim to validate the association of these cytokines with severe dengue. Methods & Findings: In a hospital based case control study in Vietnam, children with dengue fever, other febrile illness and healthy controls were recruited. Dengue virus infection was confirmed by several diagnostic tests. Multiplex Immunoassay using Luminex technology was used to measure cytokines simultaneously. A positive association with dengue shock syndrome was found for VCAM-1, whereas a negative association was found for IFNγ. Furthermore, the multivariate logistic analysis also showed that VCAM-1 and IFNγ were independently correlated with dengue shock syndrome. Conclusion: IFNγ and VCAM-1 were associated with dengue shock syndrome, although their role in the severe dengue pathogenesis remains unclear. Additional studies are required to further investigate the function of these cytokines in severe dengue.

The quality of drinking and running water had major influenced to human health. The use of comtanimated water could be cause of cholera, dysenteria, and typhoid outbreaks with different scales. Aside from many water-born diseases with the causes of microbilogy, chemical contamination also is a major threat for community health. So, it is necessary to strengthen control the quality of water by authorities and community
Water ; Health ; Health Services ; Residence Characteristics

Background: The fitness of athletes is always the top priority of each coach. Therefore, studying to discover the products that are really effective and appropriate for each sport is an urgent matter. Previous research showed biochemical standard is one of the important standards to assess the fitness of athletes. \r\n', u'Objectives: To study the effects of Phunamine on various biochemical standards of male and female weight-lifters. \r\n', u'Method: The self-control clinical experiment was applied in 19 weight-lifters at the Sport University 1 (TuSon) from May to July 2006. The research material was the functional food Phunamine with major component being anchovy combined with Syngnathiformes powder. Results: Testosterone concentration after taking Phunamine was higher than before the research (t(alpha)<0.025 in males; <0.01 in females); activity of LDH enzyme after taking Phunamine was higher than before the research, but the significant difference was only found in female with t(alpha)<0.025; cortisol concentration was also higher than before the research. \r\n', u'Conclusions: Phunamine has the effect of increasing testosterone, cortisol concentration and LDH enzyme activity.\r\n', u'
Phunamine ; biochemical standards

In 2000, there were about 755 millions people lack fresh water, of which 51% lived in the municipal regions of developing countries. In 2020, it will cover the fresh water for people who live in the municipal regions of latrine America and Caribe. 86% of rural people in Africa has not fresh water. There were about 3.3 billions people have been using the unhygienic toilet of which 74% live in the countryside
Water Supply ; Environment ; Hygiene

Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B and Ascaris suum ova were used as indicators to evaluate the ability of pathogen destruction of 6 types of dry toilets and the retention time of fecal material processing vault needing for health safety. The results showed that: among three factors: pH, temperature, moisture, pH was the most significantly influenced on the survival time of indicators. When pH>10, Salmonella phages and Ascaris ova were destroyed very fast. These pH values could be reached if after defecation 300mL of wood-ash was added. At least 6 months of retention for fecal materials inside dry toilets are needed
Hygiene ; Salmonella typhimurium

The health related problems can be reduced through the school health programs such as HIV/AIDS, accident and trauma, reproductive health, helminthic diseases, nutrition, drinking water supply and environment, immunization, alcohol drinking, smoking, drug addiction, orodental health. The WHO planned the activities for school health program. The children health has been improving but the young generation must respond to new risks and challenges. In 2000, there were about 26 millions of people with HIV infection with 2 millions deaths due to AIDS, and 3 millions of deaths due to the smoking, the drug resistance microbial are increasingly.
School Health Services ; Delivery of Health Care

The double compartment latrine in Vietnam was designed based on 3 scientific hygienic principles including to seperation, drying and reuse. The advantages of technique were to protect the water resource from contamination, kill the germs and generate the valuable pertilizers resources. It is really a technique of the ecological maintenance. It will be improved more and more.
Toilet Facilities ; hygiene

Risk of food related poison and outbreak of the food borne diseases is increasingly in the world. Most of the food borne disease caused by microbial and parasites. There were at least 16 species of microorganism, 4 species of virus, 4 species of protozoan and 13 species of helminthes that can cause the disease by food. Each country should establish the strategy of the food safety with the detailed solutions on the management, production and processing of the food as well as education and communication in the community.
Disease Outbreaks ; Food