OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with metachronous hepatic metastases arising from pancreatic adenocarcinoma who had previously received curative surgery.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2002 and 2017, percutaneous RFA was performed on 94 metachronous hepatic metastases (median diameter, 1.5 cm) arising from pancreatic cancer in 60 patients (mean age, 60.5 years). Patients were included if they had fewer than five metastases, a maximum tumor diameter of ≤ 5 cm, and disease confined to the liver or stable extrahepatic disease. For comparisons during the same period, we included 66 patients who received chemotherapy only and met the same eligibility criteria described.RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all hepatic metastasis without any procedure-related mortality. During follow-up, local tumor progression of treated lesions was observed in 38.3% of the tumors. Overall median survival and 3-year survival rates were 12 months and 0%, respectively from initial RFA, and 14.7 months and 2.1%, respectively from the first diagnosis of liver metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that a large tumor diameter of > 1.5 cm, a late TNM stage (≥ IIB) before curative surgery, a time from surgery to recurrence of < 1 year, and the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, were all prognostic of reduced overall survival after RFA. Median overall (12 months vs. 9.1 months, p = 0.094) and progression-free survival (5 months vs. 3.3 months, p = 0.068) were higher in the RFA group than in the chemotherapy group with borderline statistical difference.CONCLUSION: RFA is safe and may offer successful local tumor control in patients with metachronous hepatic metastases arising from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients with a small diameter tumor, early TNM stage before curative surgery, late hepatic recurrence, and liver-only metastasis benefit most from RFA treatment. RFA provided better survival outcomes than chemotherapy for this specific group with borderline statistical difference.
Adenocarcinoma ; Catheter Ablation ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer and the eighth most common cause of cancer mortality in women. Although standard chemotherapy is the established treatment for ovarian cancer, the prognosis remains poor, and it is highly anticipated that new drugs will be developed. New drugs, such as humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibodies and poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, are expected to improve clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. However, long-term, costly research is required to develop such new drugs, and soaring national healthcare costs are becoming a concern worldwide. In this social context, drug repositioning, wherein existing drugs are used to develop drugs with new indications for other diseases, has recently gained attention. Because trials have already confirmed the safety in humans and the pharmacokinetics of such drugs, the development period is shorter than the conventional development of a new drug, thereby reducing costs. This review discusses the available basic experimental and clinical data on drugs used for other types of cancer for which drug repositioning is anticipated to repurpose the drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer. These include statins, which are used to treat dyslipidemia; bisphosphonate, which is used to treat osteoporosis; metformin, which is used to treat diabetes; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent; and itraconazole, an anti-fungal agent. These drugs will play an important role in future drug repositioning strategies for ovarian cancer. Furthermore, drug repositioning is anticipated to extend not only to ovarian cancer treatment but also to ovarian cancer prevention.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Drug Repositioning* ; Drug Therapy ; Dyslipidemias ; Endothelial Growth Factors ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Itraconazole ; Ivermectin ; Metformin ; Mortality ; Osteoporosis ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Prognosis

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, including in Korea. Systemic therapy including platinum-based chemotherapy and targeted therapy should be provided to patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Applications of targeted therapy, such as an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, in patients with NSCLC and an EGFR mutation or ALK gene rearrangement has enabled dramatic improvements in efficacy and tolerability. Despite advances in research and a better understanding of the molecular pathways of NSCLC, few effective therapeutic options are available for most patients with NSCLC without druggable targets, especially for patients with squamous cell NSCLC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 or anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have demonstrated durable response rates across a broad range of solid tumors, including NSCLC, which has revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we review the current status and future approaches of immune checkpoint inhibitors that are being investigated for NSCLC with a focus on pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and ipilimumab.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Drug Therapy ; Epithelial Cells ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma ; Mortality ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a protocol-based cohort study to evaluate the outcomes of interval debulking surgery (IDS) followed by paclitaxel-based hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. METHODS: From October 2015 to May 2018, 65 patients with stages IIIC–IV ovarian cancer were treated according to the study protocol. HIPEC was performed with paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) for 90 minutes, only in cases of optimal cytoreduction. RESULTS: Of 65 patients, 40 (61.5%) patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), 34 (52.3%) patients had a high tumor burden with a Fagotti score ≥8 at diagnostic laparoscopy, and 6 (9.2%) had definite stage IV metastasis and/or poor performance status before NAC. Twenty-seven (41.5%) patients underwent IDS followed by HIPEC. The mean duration of IDS with HIPEC was 543.8 (range, 277.0–915.0) minutes. Grade III/IV perioperative complications occurred in 7.4% (n=2)/3.7% (n=1) of patients and no cases of mortality were reported within 30 days postoperatively. The median progression-free survival was 21.3 months, and the median overall survival was not reached for those who received HIPEC. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study protocol, IDS followed by paclitaxel-based HIPEC as a first-line treatment appears to be feasible and safe for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Further evaluations of this procedure are required to assess its survival benefits.
Cohort Studies ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Paclitaxel ; Pilot Projects* ; Tumor Burden

This study investigated the clinical activity of abiraterone plus prednisone in docetaxel-naïve and docetaxel-resistant Chinese patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A total of 146 patients with docetaxel-naïve group (103 cases) and docetaxel-resistant group (43 cases) were enrolled from the Shanghai Cancer Center (Shanghai, China) in this retrospective cohort study. The efficacy endpoints were prostate-specific antigen response rate, prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival, clinical/radiographic progression-free survival, and overall survival in response to abiraterone plus prednisone. Significantly higher prostate-specific antigen response rate was found in docetaxel-naïve group (54.4%, 56/103) compared to docetaxel-resistant group (34.9%, 15/43) (P = 0.047). In addition, significantly higher median prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (14.0 vs 7.7 months, P = 0.005), clinical or radiographic progression-free survival (17.0 vs 12.5 months, P = 0.003), and overall survival (27.0 vs 18.0 months, P = 0.016) were found in docetaxel-naïve group compared to docetaxel-resistant group, respectively. The univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that lower albumin and visceral metastases were independent significant predictors for shorter overall survival. To sum up, our data suggested that abiraterone plus prednisone was efficient in both docetaxel-naïve and docetaxel-resistant Chinese patients. Moreover, higher PSA response rate and longer overall survival were observed in the docetaxel-naïve group, which suggested that abiraterone was more effective for docetaxel- naïve patients than for docetaxel failures.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Androstenes/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use* ; China ; Disease Progression ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prednisone/therapeutic use* ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare cutaneous carcinoma, featured by an aggressive clinical course and a mortality rate of 28% at 2 years. A 71-year-old female was affected by a 4.1-cm-wide locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma of the upper eyelid, previously misdiagnosed as chalazion, with involvement of the extraocular muscles. Although the tumor showed a macroscopic spontaneous regression in size after the incisional biopsy, the mass was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical excision. Good functional and aesthetic result with preservation of the eyeball and absence of tumor recurrence were achieved at 3-year follow-up. In our experience, the combination of the inflammatory cascade due to the incisional biopsy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy led to the regression of a locally advanced large Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid.
Aged ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell ; Chalazion ; Drug Therapy ; Eyelid Neoplasms ; Eyelids ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Muscles ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Recurrence ; Skin Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the incidence continues to rise. Although many prognostic factors have been identified, the clinical characteristics and outcomes in Korean lung cancer patients are not well defined. METHODS: Of the 23,254 new lung cancer cases registered at the Korea Central Cancer Registry in 2013, total 489 patients from 19 hospitals were abstracted by the Korean Central Cancer Registry. The clinical data retrospectively analyzed, patients were followed up until December 2015. RESULTS: The median age was 69 years (interquartile range, 60–74 years); 65.4% were male and 62.1% were ever-smokers. Cough was the most common initial symptom (33.5%); 13.1% of patients were asymptomatic. While squamous cell carcinoma was the most common subtype in male patients (37.2%), adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological type in all patients (48.7%) and females (76.3%). The majority of patients received treatment (76.5%), which included surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Older age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.037), lower body mass index (HR, 0.904), ever-smoker (HR, 2.003), small cell lung cancer (HR, 1.627), and distant metastasis (HR, 3.990) were independent predictors of mortality. Patients without symptoms (HR, 0.387) and without treatment (HR, 0.364) were associated with a favorable outcome in multivariate Cox analysis. CONCLUSION: Lung cancer in Korea occurs predominantly in elderly patients, with adenocarcinoma being the most frequent subtype. The prognosis was poorer in ever-smokers and older, malnourished, and untreated patients with advanced lung cancer.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cough ; Drug Therapy ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung ; Male ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pilot Projects ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity, and its incidence is increasing as the population is aging. On the other hand, significant improvement in the prognosis has not occurred. The absence of early diagnosis means that many patients are diagnosed only when they develop symptoms, such as jaundice, due to a biliary obstruction. The role of endoscopy in multidisciplinary care for patients with pancreatic cancer continues to evolve. Controversy remains regarding the best preoperative biliary drainage in patients with surgically resectable pancreatic head cancer. In general, patients undergoing a surgical resection usually do not require preoperative biliary drainage unless they have cholangitis or receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. If biliary drainage is performed prior to surgery, the patient's condition and a multidisciplinary approach should be considered. With the increasing life expectancy of patients with pancreatic cancer, the need for more long-time biliary drainage or pre-operative biliary drainage is also increasing. Strong evidence of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as a first-line and essential treatment for biliary decompression has been provided. On the other hand, the use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage as well as percutaneous biliary drainage has been also recommended. During ERCP, self-expandable metal stent could be recommended instead of a plastic stent for the purpose of long stent patency and minimizing stent-induced complications. In this review, several points of view regarding the relief of obstruction in patients with pancreatic cancer, and optimal techniques are being discussed.
Aging ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Decompression ; Drainage ; Drug Therapy ; Early Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Hand ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jaundice ; Life Expectancy ; Mortality ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Plastics ; Prognosis ; Stents

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of tumor deposits(TD)in N0 stage gastric cancer. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed on clinicopathological data of 751 N0 stage gastric cancer patients who underwent subsequent R0 gastrectomy from January 2011 to February 2013 at Zhengzhou University Affiliated Tumor Hospital. Patients were divided into TD-negative group (688 cases) and TD-positive group (63 cases). Propensity score matching was used to balance the covariances between the two groups, such as age, gender, differentiation degree, tumor location, T stage, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, extent of resection, tumor size, surgical procedure,and chemotherapy. Matching was performed by the minimal adjacent method of 1:2 pairing. The survival analysis was carried out using Kaplan-Meier method,and differences between the curves were detected by log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard model was used to perform univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: After matching,56 patients were allocated into the TD-positive group and 112 patients into the TD-negative group, and the baseline of clinicopathological data of 2 groups matched well (all P>0.05). The median follow-up time was 55.2 (12.0-83.2) months, and 3 patients were lost to follow-up (died of other diseases). In TD-positive group, 38 patients died of gastric cancer and 1 died of other disease. In TD-negative group, 52 patients died of gastric cancer and 2 died of other diseases. The TD-positive group had lower 5-year survival rate than TD-negative group (31.0% vs. 52.9%,χ²=6.230, P=0.014). Subgroup analysis showed that the 5-year survival rate of T1-2 stage TD-positive patients was significantly lower than that of T1-2 stage TD-negative patients (47.1% vs. 92.6%, χ²=11.433,P<0.001),while the difference between two groups with T3-4 stage (23.8% vs. 40.0%, χ²=2.995,P=0.084)was not significant. In patients receiving chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate of TD-positive group was significantly lower than that of TD-negative group(34.1% vs. 54.8%, χ²=4.122, P=0.042). Further subgroup analysis showed that patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy of TD-positive group both in T1-2 stage (63.6% vs. 100%, χ²=3.830,P=0.048) and in T3-4 stage (24.2% vs. 48.4%, χ²=4.740,P=0.029) had significantly lower 5-year survival rates than those of TD-negative group. However,T1-2 stage TD-positive patients receiving chemotherapy had significantly higher 5-year survival rate as compared to those without receiving chemotherapy(63.6% vs. 16.7%, χ²=5.474,P=0.019).Univariate analysis revealed T stage (HR=1.829, 95%CI:1.490-2.245, P<0.001),perineural invasion (HR=2.620, 95%CI:1.617-4.246,P<0.001),tumor size (HR=1.646, 95%CI:1.078-2.512, P=0.021),TD(HR=1.691,95%CI:1.112-2.572,P=0.014) were associated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Multivariate analysis showed TD-positive (HR=2.035, 95%CI:1.325-3.126, P=0.001), later T stage (HR=1.812, 95%CI: 1.419-2.313,P<0.001), perineural invasion (HR=1.782,95%CI:1.058-3.002,P=0.030) were independent risk factors for the prognosis of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS TD is an independent risk factor for N0 stage gastric cancer,and may be closely related to T stage. Patients with TD-positive stage T1-2 should receive chemotherapy, but the prognosis of TD-positive patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy is poorer as compared to TD-negative patients. Therefore, more individualized treatments should be administrated.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Propensity Score ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have demonstrated some dramatic efficacy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with activating EGFR mutation. However, progression-free survivals (PFS) among those patients who were treated with first line EGFR TKIs were inconsistent. The aim of this study is to explore the association of clinical prognostic factors with EGFR-TKI efficacy in advanced NSCLC patients. METHODS: The demographic and clinical characteristics of 203 patients with activating EGFR mutation treated with first generation TKI as a first-line therapy were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 203 patients enrolled in this study, 139 patients had progression of disease and 63 patients died. The subjects had a median follow up duration of 21.1months and a median PFS of 14.3 months. Partial response (PR) was achieved in 127 (66.1%) patients and stable disease (SD) rate was achieved in 55 (28.6%) patients. In univariate analysis, patients with 2 or higher ECOG score (5.1 vs 16 months, P=0.033), SD as best overall response (9.5 vs 17.9 months, P=0.030), extrathoracic metastasis (11.7 vs 27.5 months, P=0.004), liver metastasis (4.1 vs 16.0 months, P=0.000), bone metastasis (13.3 vs 21.5months, P=0.027) and pulmonary embolism (5.5 vs 16.6 months, P=0.005) had shorter PFS than those without the listed factors. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed best overall response (HR=1.825, 95%CI: 1.107-3.008, P=0.018) and liver metastasis (HR=1.694, 95%CI: 1.146-5.756, P=0.022) were independent predictive factors of shorter PFS. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high efficacy of EGFR-TKI, SD as best overall response and liver metastasis predicts poorer PFS in advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR gene mutations receiving first-line therapy treatment.
Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; mortality ; ErbB Receptors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult