This study primarily aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and other common pathogens of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in spermatozoa of infertile men and their effects on semen parameters. These pathogens included Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium , herpes simplex virus 2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus . A total of 1951 men of infertile couples were recruited between 23 March 2023, and 17 May 2023, at the Department of Reproductive Medicine of The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunming, China). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis were used for HPV genotyping. Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis were also used to detect the presence of other STIs. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 12.4%. The top five prevalent HPV subtypes were types 56, 52, 43, 16, and 53 among those tested positive for HPV. Other common infections with high prevalence rates were Ureaplasma urealyticum (28.3%), Ureaplasma parvum (20.4%), and Enterococcus faecalis (9.5%). The prevalence rates of HPV coinfection with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium , herpes simplex virus 2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae , and Staphylococcus aureus were 24.8%, 25.4%, 10.6%, 6.4%, 2.4%, 7.9%, 5.9%, 0.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. The semen volume and total sperm count were greatly decreased by HPV infection alone. Coinfection with HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum significantly reduced sperm motility and viability. Our study shows that coinfection with STIs is highly prevalent in the semen of infertile men and that coinfection with pathogens can seriously affect semen parameters, emphasizing the necessity of semen screening for STIs.
Humans ; Male ; Infertility, Male/epidemiology* ; Coinfection/microbiology* ; Papillomavirus Infections/virology* ; Adult ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/complications* ; China/epidemiology* ; Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification* ; Chlamydia trachomatis/isolation & purification* ; Prevalence ; Mycoplasma genitalium/isolation & purification* ; Ureaplasma urealyticum/isolation & purification* ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolation & purification* ; Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification* ; Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification* ; Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics* ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification* ; Semen/virology* ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa/microbiology* ; Human Papillomavirus Viruses

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of clinical application of simultaneous amplification and testing of RNA (SAT-RNA) for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) by comparing with the polymerase chain reaction testing of DNA (PCR-DNA) method. METHODS: Specimens from both urethra swab and the first avoid urine which should be at least one hour after the previous urination were collected from 163 men who were scheduled for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment due to female factors at Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University during the period of April 2016 to April 2017. Among the 163 men, 109 simultaneously provided semen that was collected after 3-7 days of sexual abstinence for the testing. Urine and semen specimens were detected for CT and UU with SAT-RNA, while urethra swab specimens were detected for CT and UU with standard PCR-DNA. Detection results of the SAT-RNA were compared with those of the PCR-DNA method. RESULTS: The positive rate of UU in the urethra swab detected with PCR-DNA and that of UU in the urine with SAT-RNA were 47.24% and 47.85%, respectively, and the coincidence rate was 93.25%. In addition, the positive and negative coincidence rates were 93.51% and 93.02%, respectively, and the concordance between the two methods was very good (Kappa=0.865). On the other hand, the positive rate of CT in the swab specimen tested with PCR-DNA was 3.07% and that of CT in urine with SAT-RNA was 4.29%, and the coincidence rate was 97.55%. Moreover, the positive and negative coincidence rates were 80.00% and 98.10%, respectively, and the concordance between the two methods was good (Kappa=0.654). Regarding SAT-RNA detection of UU in the urine and semen specimen of the 109 patients, the positive rates of UU in the urine and semen specimens were 50.46% and 44.95%, respectively; and the coincidence rate between the two specimens was 88.99%. In addition, the positive coincidence rate and the negative coincidence rate was 93.88% and 85.00%, respectively, and the concordance between the two specimens was good (Kappa=0.780). Similarly, SAT-RNA detection of CT in the urine and semen specimens showed the positive rate was 5.50% and 3.67%, respectively; and the two specimens showed 98.17% coincidence rate. The positive and negative coincidence rates were 100.00% and 98.10%, respectively, and the concordance was also good (Kappa=0.791). CONCLUSION SAT-RNA detection of CT and UU in the urine specimen showed good concordance with the PCR-DNA detection of CT and UU in the urethra swab specimen. In addition, the concordance was also good between the urine and semen specimens detected with SAT-RNA. These results indicate that, as a less invasive and equally accurate procedure, SAT-RNA may be more suitable for clinical application.
Chlamydia Infections/epidemiology* ; Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics* ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genetics* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ureaplasma urealyticum/genetics*

BACKGROUND: Molecular epidemiological typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is crucial for monitoring the spread of resistant strains. As reference strains can be used for laboratory internal quality control, we genetically characterised the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) gonococcal strains by Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and porB sequence typing using public multilocus sequence typing (PubMLST). METHODS: Eight ATCC gonococcal reference strains (ATCC 19424, ATCC 31426, ATCC 35541, ATCC 43069, ATCC 43070, ATCC 49226, ATCC 49926, and ATCC 49981) from Culti-Loops (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were cultured. After DNA extraction, porB and tbpB were amplified and sequenced. Sequence types (STs) and allele numbers were each determined by NG-MAST (http://www.ng-mast.net) and porB sequence typing using PubMLST (http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/porB/). RESULTS: ATCC 19424 was identified as ST 266 by NG-MAST, and as Allele 946 by PubMLST. ATCC31426 was assigned a novel ST by NG-MAST, and was assigned Allele 958 with 1.2% mismatch by PubMLST. ATCC 35541 was identified as ST 12 by NG-MAST, and as Allele 624 by PubMLST. ATCC 43069 and ATCC 43070 were both identified as ST 681 by NG-MAST, and as Allele 984 by PubMLST. ATCC 49226 was identified as ST 1572 by NG-MAST, and as Allele 2110 by PubMLST. ATCC 49926 and ATCC 49981 were both identified as ST 16496 by NG-MAST, and as Allele 928 by PubMLST. CONCLUSIONS: The ST data obtained for ATCC gonococcal reference strains by NG-MAST and porB sequence typing using PubMLST can be used for quality assurance of molecular epidemiological typing in clinical microbiological laboratories.
Alleles ; DNA ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Neisseria ; Quality Control

PURPOSE: Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae share between 80% and 90% of their genetic sequence. Meningococcal serogroup B vaccines based on outer membrane vesicles—such as VA-MENGOC-BC—could cross-protect against gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence rates of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases with respect to the use of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Health statistics between 1970 and 2017 were reviewed and the incidence of meningococcal disease and sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis, condyloma acuminatum, hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infection) were analyzed during the pre- and post-vaccination periods. Gonorrhea incidence was also analyzed by age groups. RESULTS: VA-MENGOC-BC was successfully used to control a meningococcal epidemic in Cuba. The strategy to combat the epidemic was carried out in two stages. The first one was a nationwide mass-vaccination campaign from 1989 to 1990, targeting the population at highest-risk aged 3 months to 24 years. During the second stage, begun in 1991, it was included in the Expanded Immunization Program. Gonorrhea incidence increased from 1970 to 1989. However, after the VA-MENGOC-BC massive vaccination campaign a sharp decrease of gonorrhea incidence was observed. It lasted between 1989 and 1993. A second incidence peak was detected in 1995, but it dropped again. Data clearly show a decline in the incidence of gonorrhea following massive vaccination, in contrast with other sexually transmitted diseases. Incidence rates in unvaccinated age groups also decreased, probably due to herd immunity. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that VA-MENGOC-BC could induce a moderate protection against gonorrhea.
Cuba ; Gonorrhea ; Hepatitis B ; HIV ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Membranes ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Serogroup ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Syphilis ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

BACKGROUND: We investigated the molecular epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates to monitor the change in distribution of bla(TEM) in Korea. METHODS: We collected 804 PPNG isolates from diverse hospitals and clinics mainly located in Seoul, Korea, over a period of 11 years (2005–2015). Isolate susceptibility to seven antimicrobials was determined using the agar dilution test. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of the isolates were determined by Sanger sequencing of bla(TEM), N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and plasmid typing. RESULTS: Among 72 fully sequenced PPNG isolates, sixteen (22.2%) possessed TEM-135. All TEM-135 isolates had a common silent mutation (c.18C>T), which was previously unreported. We observed a pattern of continuous increase in the number of TEM-135 isolates since 2012. The median and 90% minimum inhibitory concentration of azithromycin were substantially lower in the TEM-135 group than in the non-PPNG and TEM-1 groups. All TEM-135 isolates showed different NG-MAST types and predominantly harbored Toronto/Rio (75%) plasmids. A comprehensive comparative analysis of PPNG with TEM-135 according to NG-MAST, plasmid type, and year of isolation revealed a wide distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of TEM-135 PPNG has continuously increased since 2012, in association with clonal spread. The difference at position 18 of the TEM-135 sequence can be interpreted as the existence of multiple clonal complexes. The possibility that TEM-135 was acquired via foreign plasmids requires careful follow-up and continuous monitoring of TEM-135 to ascertain whether it constitutes a step towards evolutionary change.
Agar ; Azithromycin ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Follow-Up Studies ; Incidence* ; Korea* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae* ; Neisseria* ; Plasmids ; Seoul ; Silent Mutation

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is widely incorporated into cervical cancer screening strategies. Current screening requires pelvic examination for cervical sampling, which may compromise participation. The acceptance could be raised by introducing testing on vaginal swabs. We explored the interchangeability of vaginal swabs and cervical smears for HPV testing, by means of a prospective study conducted in female sex workers (FSWs). Besides, we report on the occurrence of 32 different HPV genotypes in FSW with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). METHODS: Paired physician-collected vaginal swabs and cervical smears from 303 FSW were tested for HPV using the Abbott RealTime High-Risk HPV assay. Cervical cytology was examined on cervical smears. In case of HSIL/LSIL cytological classification (n=52), both samples were genotyped using INNO-LiPa HPV Genotyping Extra II. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of high-risk (HR)-HPV was 51%. In FSW with HSIL/LSIL cervical cytology, the sensitivity and specificity of vaginal samples for the detection of HR-HPV was 100% and 70% and for probable HR-HPV 100% and 91%. The mean number of genotypes identified in vaginal samples (mean=3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.8–4.2) was significantly higher than in cervical smear samples (mean=2.6; 95% CI=2.1–3.0) (p=0.001). The most frequently encountered HR-HPV genotypes were HPV16, 31, 51, and 52. CONCLUSION: As our study shows that vaginal swabs are equivalent to cervical smears for the detection of (probable) HR-HPV, vaginal swabs can be used for HPV testing in cervical cancer screening strategies. Given the acceptance of vaginal sampling, this finding offers an opportunity to boost screening coverage.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; Classification ; DNA ; Female ; Genotype ; Gynecological Examination ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Papillomaviridae ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Workers ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaginal Smears

Gonococcal conjunctivitis is rare in adults and, if not treated properly, can cause corneal perforation. Gonococcal conjunctivitis typically presents with a severe mucopurulent discharge, similar to that associated with viral conjunctivitis. Here, we describe a case of monocular gonococcal conjunctivitis, including its clinical characteristics and slit-lamp images, which was initially misdiagnosed as epidemic conjunctivitis. A 20-year-old man was referred to our hospital with no improvement in monocular infection and purulent ocular discharge after 2-wk treatment using antibiotic and 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops at the local ophthalmic clinic. Initially, 0.5% loteprednol eye drops were used since we suspected viral conjunctivitis. Following this treatment, conjunctival infection worsened and a yellow-white ocular discharge covered the conjunctiva and cornea surface. Additional history taking revealed that the patient had sexual contact with a prostitute 1 wk prior to symptom presentation and, after the encounter, he took antibiotics for genital discharge at the local urology clinic, but self-discontinued treatment. A Gram staining showed gram-negative diplococci and culture of collected ocular discharge from the palpebral conjunctiva revealed growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, confirming gonococcal conjunctivitis. Following this, the patient was systemically treated with 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. After 3-d treatment, conjunctival infection and purulent ocular discharge had significantly improved. When clinical symptoms are aggravated following steroid eye drop treatment for suspected monocular viral conjunctivitis, gonococcal conjunctivitis must be considered as a differential diagnosis
Adult* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephalosporins ; Conjunctiva ; Conjunctivitis* ; Conjunctivitis, Viral ; Cornea ; Corneal Perforation ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fluorometholone ; Humans ; Loteprednol Etabonate ; Male* ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Sex Workers ; Urology ; Young Adult

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), as a pathogen of gonorrhea, is strictly limited to growth on the human host. In case of gonococcal infection, the body may recruit such inflammatory cells as neutrophils to resist the invasion of NG or initiate its adaptive immune response by antigen presentation to eliminate the pathogen. However, a series of immune escape mechanisms of NG make it difficult to clear up the infection. In the innate immune system, NG can not only secrete thermonuclease to degrade neutrophile granulocytes, inhibit respiratory burst to resist killing by neutrophils, activate NLRP3 to prompt the pyronecrosis of inflammatory cells, but also regulate the differentiation of macrophages to reduce the inflammatory response, combine with factor H to evade complement-mediated killing. NG infection can hardly give rise to effective adaptive immune response and immune memory, but can promote TGF-β production to inhibit Th1/Th2-mediated adaptive immune response, bind to CEACAM1 on the B cell surface to promote apoptosis in B cells, and combine with CEACAM1 on the T cell surface to inhibit helper T cell proliferation, which makes it difficult for B cells to produce high-affinity specific antibodies. With the increasing drug-resistance of NG, immunological studies may play a significant role in the development of novel therapies and effective vaccines against the infection.
Adaptive Immunity ; Antibodies ; immunology ; Antigens, CD ; immunology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; immunology ; Complement Factor H ; immunology ; Gonorrhea ; immunology ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; immunology ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; immunology

Objective To analyze the infection status of human papilloma virus (HPV),Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU),Chlamydia trachomatis (CT),and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in clinical patients.Methods The laboratory specimens including urine,urethral swabs,and cervical swabs from 870 patients from January 1st 2014 to December 31st 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. HPV-DNA was detected by multiplex fluorescent PCR,and the UU-RNA,CT-RNA,and NG-RNA were determined by isothermal nucleic acid amplification. The positive rate of each pathogen and the distribution of positive rate between male and female patients were calculated. The samples were further divided into HPV-positive group and HPV-negative group,and the positive rates of UU-RNA,CT-RNA,and NG-RNA in these two groups were compared.Results The highest positive rate was 53.68%(467/870) for UU-RNA,followed by HPV-DNA [32.41%(282/870) ]and NG-RNA [2.18%(19/870)]. The total positive rate of high-risk (HR)-HPV(subtypes:16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,and 68) [31.52%(209/663)]and UU in female patients [60.93%(404/663)] was significantly higher than that in male patients [17.39%(36/207),30.34%(63/207)](both P<0.001). The male patients had significantly higher CT positive rate in HR-HPV-positive group than in HR-HPV-negative group [22.58%(7/31) vs. 4.54%(8/176)](P<0.001). The female patients had significantly higher CT positive rate in HR-HPV-positive group than in HR-HPV-negative group [10.5%(21/200) vs. 5.61%(26/463)](P=0.024). The UU-RNA positive rate of females in the low-risk (LR)-HPV (subtypes:6 and 11) positive group was significantly higher than that in LR-HPV negative group [70.83%(34/48) vs.2.11%(13/615)](P<0.001).Conclusions Women are more susceptible to HR-HPV and UU infections. HR-HPV-positive patients are more likely to experience CT infection. In contrast,co-infection with UU is more common in LR-HPV-positive females.
Chlamydia Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Gonorrhea ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureaplasma Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: The multiplex real-time PCR assay is a sensitive test for simultaneous detection of various pathogens of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We evaluated the performance of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for six STI pathogens. METHODS: DNA samples after being used to conduct PCR for STI pathogens were stored below −70℃. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) were detected by multiplex real-time PCR with GeneFinder STD I (CT/NG/UU)/II (MG/MH/TV) Multiplex Real-time PCR Kits (Infopia, Korea; GeneFinder assay) and Real-Q CT&NG/MH&TV/MG&UU Kits (BioSewoom, Korea; Real-Q assay). Discrepant results were resolved by another multiplex real-time assay, Anyplex II STI-7 Detection (Seegene, Korea). Any two positive results for the assays were considered true positive. RESULTS: Among 81 samples, the GeneFinder assay detected 63 pathogens from 45 cases (16 CT, 2 NG, 6 MG, 20 MH, 18 UU, and 1 TV) and Real-Q assay detected 66 pathogens from 47 cases (16 CT, 2 NG, 8 MG, 20 MH, 19 UU, and 1 TV). For the results of positive cases and negative cases, the overall concordance rate between the two multiplex real-time assays was 93.8% (Kappa=0.87). For each pathogen, the agreement rates of the two assays ranged from 97.5 to 100% (Kappa>0.8). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the results of GeneFinder assay and Real-Q assay. Both multiplex real-time PCR assays can be useful methods for the detection of STI pathogens in clinical laboratories.
Chlamydia trachomatis ; DNA ; Korea ; Mycoplasma genitalium ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases* ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Ureaplasma urealyticum