PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of stereopsis and contrast sensitivity on the quality of life and to evaluate the relationship between integrated binocular visual field (IVF) and binocular visual function in bilateral normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity tests were performed and compared among 44 NTG patients and 32 normal subjects. The IVF was integrated using the best location method. The correlation between visual function and subscales of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25) was evaluated using univariate linear regression. RESULTS: Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity for the bilateral NTG patients were decreased compared to the normal controls. Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity exhibited a significant correlation with social functions related to vision and color vision among subscales of NEI VFQ-25. IVF mean deviation (MD) and better eye MD showed a significant correlation with stereopsis and contrast sensitivity, while worse eye MD showed no association. CONCLUSIONS: Deterioration of stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in NTG patients affects their quality of life related to social functions and color vision. Both IVF and better eye MDs are correlated with stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in NTG patients.
Color Vision ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Depth Perception ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Low Tension Glaucoma* ; Methods ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Telescopes* ; Visual Fields

BACKGROUND: Corneal abrasion is one of the most common ophthalmic complications that occurs after general anesthesia. Although they can occur by direct contact with surgical drapes or masks, most occur as a result of the drying of the cornea exposed during general anesthesia due to a reduced amount of tear secretions, the loss of light reflex, or the loss of recognition of pain during the procedure. Thus, to prevent corneal abrasions during general anesthesia, proper eye protection is required. METHODS: Seventy-two patients (144 eyes) were divided into four groups as follows: 1) control group: careful manual eye closure; 2) adhesive tape group: a bandage attached over the eyelid; 3) ointment group: eye ointment placed into the eye followed by eye closure; and 4) ointment and tape group: eye ointment placed into the eye followed by a bandage attached over the eyelid, with the patient subjected to both methods for each eye. The National Eye Institute (NEI) scale, conjunctiva hyperemia scale, tear break-up time, and Schmer test were conducted before and after operation. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was noted between groups regarding the NEI scale, conjunctiva hyperemia scale, tear break-up time, or Schirmer test. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent corneal abrasions in normal patients undergoing general anesthesia, eye taping, eye ointment application, or taping after eye ointment application will not significantly reduce the degree of corneal epithelial damage compared to manual eye closure.
Adhesives ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Bandages ; Conjunctiva ; Cornea ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Intraoperative Complications ; Masks ; Methods* ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Reflex ; Surgical Drapes ; Tears

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between vision-related quality of life (QOL) and integrated binocular visual field (IVF) defect and the difference in QOL based on the location of visual field defects in Korean normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Two hundred monocular visual fields from 100 patients diagnosed with normal tension glaucoma in at least one eye were integrated using the best location method, and the mean deviation (MD) of whole, superior, and inferior IVF was calculated. We analyzed the correlations between subscales of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25) and each calculated MD using Spearman correlation. After adjusting for confounding factors of age, visual acuity of the better eye, number of medications, and education level, the impact of IVF loss on the composite score of the NEI VFQ-25 was evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The MDs of whole and inferior IVF were significantly associated with 7 of 12 NEI VFQ-25 subscales, and the superior IVF was associated with 3 subscales (p < 0.05). After adjusting confounding variables, the composite score of the NEI VFQ-25 showed significant correlation with whole, superior, and inferior IVF. The adjusted R2 and beta coefficient of the regression line were highest in the whole IVF (Adjusted R2 = 0.451, beta = 1.12), followed by the inferior and superior IVF (Adjusted R2 = 0.438, 0.395, beta = 0.95, 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: The IVF of Korean NTG patients can effectively reflect patient QOL, and the inferior IVF was significantly associated with more subscales of NEI VFQ-25 than was the superior IVF. However, overall QOL of patients is thought to be determined by severity of visual field loss rather than its location.
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Low Tension Glaucoma ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Telescopes* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields*

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of 3 different eye ointment instillations with eyelid taping and eyelid taping alone to prevent eye complications during surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 296 eyes of 148 patients who underwent general anesthesia for at least 60 minutes were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: group A, eyelid taping alone; group B, eyelid taping with solcoseryl ointment; group C, eyelid taping with carbomer ointment; group D, eyelid taping with lanolin ointment. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), conjunctival hyperemia scale (CHS), National Eye Institute corneal staining scale (NSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were prospectively evaluated before and after general anesthesia. RESULTS: TF-BUT was significantly increased in the group B compared with the preoperative value (p = 0.035). CHS was significantly decreased in all 3 ointment groups (p < 0.05) after general anesthesia and the degree was significantly higher in groups B and C (p < 0.001). No corneal abrasion developed after general anesthesia. However, corneal erosion developed in 20 eyes of previously healthy subjects; 8 eyes (12.5%) in group A, 0 eye (0%) in group B, 2 eyes (2.5%) in group C, and 10 eyes (13.9%) in group D. The occurrence rates of new lesions were significantly lower in groups B and C (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both eyelid taping alone and eyelid taping with eye ointment are effective protection methods against corneal abrasion during operation under general anesthesia. Eye ointment instillation together with eyelid taping shows not only improvement of subjective symptoms but also improvement of objective ocular surface parameters proving to be an effective ocular protection during general anesthesia.
Actihaemyl ; Anesthesia, General* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Lanolin ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Prospective Studies ; Tears

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of 3 different eye ointment instillations with eyelid taping and eyelid taping alone to prevent eye complications during surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 296 eyes of 148 patients who underwent general anesthesia for at least 60 minutes were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: group A, eyelid taping alone; group B, eyelid taping with solcoseryl ointment; group C, eyelid taping with carbomer ointment; group D, eyelid taping with lanolin ointment. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), conjunctival hyperemia scale (CHS), National Eye Institute corneal staining scale (NSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were prospectively evaluated before and after general anesthesia. RESULTS: TF-BUT was significantly increased in the group B compared with the preoperative value (p = 0.035). CHS was significantly decreased in all 3 ointment groups (p < 0.05) after general anesthesia and the degree was significantly higher in groups B and C (p < 0.001). No corneal abrasion developed after general anesthesia. However, corneal erosion developed in 20 eyes of previously healthy subjects; 8 eyes (12.5%) in group A, 0 eye (0%) in group B, 2 eyes (2.5%) in group C, and 10 eyes (13.9%) in group D. The occurrence rates of new lesions were significantly lower in groups B and C (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both eyelid taping alone and eyelid taping with eye ointment are effective protection methods against corneal abrasion during operation under general anesthesia. Eye ointment instillation together with eyelid taping shows not only improvement of subjective symptoms but also improvement of objective ocular surface parameters proving to be an effective ocular protection during general anesthesia.
Actihaemyl ; Anesthesia, General* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Lanolin ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Prospective Studies ; Tears

PURPOSE: To compare subjective quality of life (QOL) of a glaucoma group with a control group. METHODS: The Korean version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ-25) was completed by 105 glaucoma clinic patients including 54 glaucoma group and 56 control group. We compared questionnaire scores and previous performed visual field parameters between a glaucoma group and a control group. RESULTS: The glaucoma group results were: Mean age: 55.73 +/- 15.17 years; mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; log MAR) 0.05 +/- 0.09 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.09 in worse eyes; and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) 15.94 +/- 2.93 mm Hg in better eyes and 15.49 +/- 3.18 mm Hg in worse eyes. Control group scores were: Mean age: 51.85 +/- 11.36 years; mean BCVA (log MAR) 0.04 +/- 0.07 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.08 in worse eyes; and mean IOP 16.40 +/- 2.50 mm Hg in better eyes and 16.13 +/- 2.16 mm Hg in worse eyes. Age, BCVA, and IOP were not significantly different between groups, but visual field index (VFI) score and visual function questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) total score were significantly lower in the glaucoma group (p < 0.01). Additionally, visual field parameters and QOL had a significant relationship in the glaucoma group, especially in better eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The QOL of glaucoma patients was lower than that of normal controls regardless of visual acuity. The degree of visual field loss in the better eye may affect QOL more significantly.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To compare subjective quality of life (QOL) of a glaucoma group with a control group. METHODS: The Korean version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ-25) was completed by 105 glaucoma clinic patients including 54 glaucoma group and 56 control group. We compared questionnaire scores and previous performed visual field parameters between a glaucoma group and a control group. RESULTS: The glaucoma group results were: Mean age: 55.73 +/- 15.17 years; mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; log MAR) 0.05 +/- 0.09 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.09 in worse eyes; and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) 15.94 +/- 2.93 mm Hg in better eyes and 15.49 +/- 3.18 mm Hg in worse eyes. Control group scores were: Mean age: 51.85 +/- 11.36 years; mean BCVA (log MAR) 0.04 +/- 0.07 in better eyes and 0.06 +/- 0.08 in worse eyes; and mean IOP 16.40 +/- 2.50 mm Hg in better eyes and 16.13 +/- 2.16 mm Hg in worse eyes. Age, BCVA, and IOP were not significantly different between groups, but visual field index (VFI) score and visual function questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) total score were significantly lower in the glaucoma group (p < 0.01). Additionally, visual field parameters and QOL had a significant relationship in the glaucoma group, especially in better eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The QOL of glaucoma patients was lower than that of normal controls regardless of visual acuity. The degree of visual field loss in the better eye may affect QOL more significantly.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of binocular visual field (VF) with vision-specific quality of life in glaucoma patients. METHODS: Sixty patients who were diagnosed as open-angle glaucoma were recruited for the present study. The patients had at least moderate VF defect in 1 eye. VF testing was performed using the unilateral Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and binocular Esterman VF test which was divided into 6 clusters: upper and lower center 10', upper and lower center 30', and upper and lower periphery. The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ) was used to evaluate patients' vision-specific quality of life. We analyzed the correlation between the efficiency score of each cluster from binocular Esterman VF test, mean deviation of HFA, and the scores of VFQ (Spearman correlation). RESULTS: The correlation between the composition score of VFQ and total score of binocular Esterman visual field test was significant. The highest correlation was observed in the lower periphery cluster (all p < 0.05). For general vision, the lower center 10' visual field was strongly correlated (p = 0.011), and for driving, the upper peripheral visual field was the strongest correlated (p = 0.038). The level of mean deviation in the worse eye showed significant correlation with composition score of questionnaire (p = 0.008), otherwise the level of mean deviation in the better eye did not show any significant correlation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Binocular Esterman VF test is an easy and effective way to evaluate the vision-specific quality of life in glaucoma patients.
Eye ; Glaucoma* ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telescopes* ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the relationship between wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and quality of life (QOL). METHODS: The National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 was administered to 27 wet AMD patients under treatment at Kangbuk Samsung hospital ophthalmology clinic. The relationship between wet AMD and QOL was analyzed according to age, visual acuity status and general health status. RESULTS: Older patients and those with hypertension had significantly lower mean scores for general vision, near vision, distance vision, vision-specific role difficulties and dependency compared to their younger and normotensive counterparts. Patients with cataracts had lower mean scores for general vision and color vision than those without, and patients with unilateral AMD had higher mean scores on the driving subscale of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Wet AMD has a substantial impact on patient quality of life. A comprehensive approach is required in managing these patients, including treatment of comorbidities such as cataracts and psychological reassurance.
Cataract ; Color Vision ; Comorbidity ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Macular Degeneration ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Ophthalmology ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of intravitreal bevacizumab injection on visual function and vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) using the Korean version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (K-NEI-VFQ-25). METHODS: This study included 32 normal control subjects and 32 patients with BRVO. The Korean version of NEI-VFQ-25 was answered by the patients with BRVO before and 3 months after intravitreal bevacizumab injection, as well as by normal control subjects. Clinical data were collected, including central macular thickness (CMT), total macular volume (TMV) (using time-domain optical coherence tomography [OCT]), and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). RESULTS: Visual acuity, CMT, and TMV significantly improved 3 months after intravitreal bevacizumab injections. No bevacizumab-related systemic or ocular adverse effects following intravitreal drug injections were observed. Significant improvement in the VFQ-25 composite score was observed in patients with BRVO. Subscale scores, including general vision, near activities, distance activities, social functioning, mental health, role difficulties, dependency, and peripheral vision, improved after injection. However, subscale scores regarding general health, ocular pain, driving, and color vision did not improve significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection appears to be an effective treatment for visual function, as well as VR-QOL in macular edema secondary to BRVO. However, improvement of driving function and color vision appears to require a longer recovery time than visual function.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Color Vision ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Macular Edema ; Mental Health ; National Eye Institute (U.S.) ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Bevacizumab