Background: Diabetes mellitus and disturbances in glucose metabolism are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis through endothelial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, platelet hyperactivity, and alterations in coagulation factors. Aim: To investigate the association between fasting glucose levels and selected coagulation and platelet parameters. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 172 participants. According to the exclusion criteria, individuals with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, anticoagulant use, or liver disease were excluded. Participants were categorized into two groups according to fasting glucose levels: <5.6 mmol/L and ≥5.6 mmol/L. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) were compared between the two groups. Between-group differences were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and associations between continuous variables were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Multivariable linear regression analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Result: Of the 172 participants, 145 (84.3%) had fasting glucose levels <5.6 mmol/L and 27 (15.7%) had fasting glucose levels ≥5.6 mmol/L. The median aPTT was significantly shorter in participants with elevated fasting glucose than in those with fasting glucose <5.6 mmol/L (25.4 [24.2–26.8] vs. 26.3 [24.9–27.95] seconds; p=0.029). No statistically significant between-group differences were observed in PT, INR, TT, fibrinogen, platelet count, MPV, PDW, or PCT. A weak inverse correlation was observed between fasting glucose and aPTT (ρ=−0.141). In multivariable regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, each 1 mmol/L increase in fasting glucose was associated with a 0.242-second decrease in aPTT (B=−0.242; 95% CI, −0.465 to −0.020; p=0.033). Conclusion 1. The median aPTT was significantly shorter in participants with elevated fasting glucose than in those without elevated fasting glucose. 2. Each 1 mmol/L increase in fasting glucose was associated with a 0.242-second decrease in aPTT.

Background: Thrombotic alterations play a central role in the pathogenesis of both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product generated during fibrinolysis, has emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting chronic diabetic complications and assessing their severity. Aim: To determine D-dimer levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and investigate their association with various microvascular complications. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 215 participants with T2DM. Individuals diagnosed with other forms of diabetes, those receiving anticoagulant therapy, and those with liver disease were excluded according to the predefined exclusion criteria. Participants were categorized into two groups according to their D-dimer levels: ≤0.260 μg/mL and >0.260 μg/mL. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy was compared between the groups. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 215 individuals with T2DM were included in the study. The median D-dimer level was 0.260 μg/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.190–0.460). The prevalence of at least one microvascular complication was significantly higher among participants with D-dimer levels above the median than among those with levels at or below the median (51.4% vs. 37.0%, p=0.034). The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was 33.6% versus 13.0% (p<0.001), while that of diabetic neuropathy was 20.6% versus 10.2% (p=0.035), respectively, indicating a higher burden of chronic complications in the group with elevated D-dimer levels. Participants with D-dimer levels above the median had 2.23 times higher odds of having at least one diabetic microvascular complication (OR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.19–4.18; p=0.013). Conclusions 1. Elevated D-dimer levels were observed in 21.4% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus included in the study. 2. D-dimer levels above the median (0.260 μg/mL) were associated with a twofold increase in the odds of having diabetic microvascular complications (OR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.19–4.18; p=0.013).

Background: The discovery of insulin over a century ago significantly advanced the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Effective glycemic control in patients on insulin therapy is influenced by a variety of factors. While developed countries have transitioned fully to insulin analogs, abandoning recombinant insulin, Mongolia lacks comprehensive research on how different insulin formulations influence glycemic control. This gap highlights the need for targeted improvements in therapy effectiveness and service quality. Materials and methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Hospital of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, including 183 diabetic patients aged 18-65 years. Participants were managed by endocrinologists and participated in a survey consisting of 44 questions alongside physical measurements. Data were 78 analyzed using SPSS version 25, with a significance threshold of p<0.05. Results: The study population had a mean age of 56.7 ± 11.0 years, with 55.2% (n=101) males. The mean duration of diagnosed DM was 12.6 ± 6.33 years, and the mean duration since the initiation of insulin therapy was 6.77 (1-24) years. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 10.5%, with 87.4% of the participants categorized under poor glycemic control and only 5.5% maintaining optimal levels. Insulin usage was predominantly recombinant (60.7%), with analogue at 32.2%, and mixed regimens at 7.1%. Usage of insulin pens was reported by 43.2% of the participants. The daily insulin dosage ranged from 10 to 71 units, averaging 37.2 ± 13.7 units. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that inadequate knowledge about insulin therapy is an independent risk factor (OR; 95% CI = 1.48; 1.21 10.32). When adjusting for confounding factors, the average glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in the group with inadequate knowledge was significantly higher (11.8%) compared to the group with adequate knowledge, where it was significantly lower (10.2%). Conclusion The use of analog insulin among patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing insulin therapy is relatively low (32%), and glycemic control is poor (87%). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the use of analog insulin and improve glycemic control. Inadequate knowledge about insulin therapy negatively affects glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR; 95% CI = 1.48; 1.21-10.32). Therefore, it is essential to enhance patients’ knowledge.