Purpose: Leptin interacts not only with leptin receptor (LEPR) but also engages with other receptors. While the pro-oncogenic effects of the adrenergic receptor β2 (ADRB2) are well-established, the role of leptin in activating ADRB2 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. Materials and Methods: The pro-carcinogenic effects of LEPR were investigated using murine TNBC cell lines, 4T1 and EMT6, and a tumor-bearing mouse model. Expression levels of LEPR, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ADRB2 in TNBC cells and tumor tissues were analyzed via western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed using flow cytometry and MitoSox staining, while immunofluorescence double-staining confirmed the co-localization of LEPR and ADRB2. Results: LEPR activation promoted NOX4-derived ROS and mitochondrial ROS production, facilitating TNBC cell proliferation and migration, effects which were mitigated by the LEPR inhibitor Allo-aca. Co-expression of LEPR and ADRB2 was observed on cell membranes, and bioinformatics data revealed a positive correlation between the two receptors. Leptin activated both LEPR and ADRB2, enhancing intracellular ROS generation and promoting tumor progression, which was effectively countered by a specific ADRB2 inhibitor ICI118551. In vivo, leptin injection accelerated tumor growth and lung metastases without affecting appetite, while treatments with Allo-aca or ICI118551 mitigated these effects. Conclusion This study demonstrates that leptin stimulates the growth and metastasis of TNBC through the activation of both LEPR and ADRB2, resulting in increased ROS production. These findings highlight LEPR and ADRB2 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in TNBC.

Purpose: Leptin interacts not only with leptin receptor (LEPR) but also engages with other receptors. While the pro-oncogenic effects of the adrenergic receptor β2 (ADRB2) are well-established, the role of leptin in activating ADRB2 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. Materials and Methods: The pro-carcinogenic effects of LEPR were investigated using murine TNBC cell lines, 4T1 and EMT6, and a tumor-bearing mouse model. Expression levels of LEPR, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ADRB2 in TNBC cells and tumor tissues were analyzed via western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed using flow cytometry and MitoSox staining, while immunofluorescence double-staining confirmed the co-localization of LEPR and ADRB2. Results: LEPR activation promoted NOX4-derived ROS and mitochondrial ROS production, facilitating TNBC cell proliferation and migration, effects which were mitigated by the LEPR inhibitor Allo-aca. Co-expression of LEPR and ADRB2 was observed on cell membranes, and bioinformatics data revealed a positive correlation between the two receptors. Leptin activated both LEPR and ADRB2, enhancing intracellular ROS generation and promoting tumor progression, which was effectively countered by a specific ADRB2 inhibitor ICI118551. In vivo, leptin injection accelerated tumor growth and lung metastases without affecting appetite, while treatments with Allo-aca or ICI118551 mitigated these effects. Conclusion This study demonstrates that leptin stimulates the growth and metastasis of TNBC through the activation of both LEPR and ADRB2, resulting in increased ROS production. These findings highlight LEPR and ADRB2 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in TNBC.

Purpose: Leptin interacts not only with leptin receptor (LEPR) but also engages with other receptors. While the pro-oncogenic effects of the adrenergic receptor β2 (ADRB2) are well-established, the role of leptin in activating ADRB2 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. Materials and Methods: The pro-carcinogenic effects of LEPR were investigated using murine TNBC cell lines, 4T1 and EMT6, and a tumor-bearing mouse model. Expression levels of LEPR, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ADRB2 in TNBC cells and tumor tissues were analyzed via western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed using flow cytometry and MitoSox staining, while immunofluorescence double-staining confirmed the co-localization of LEPR and ADRB2. Results: LEPR activation promoted NOX4-derived ROS and mitochondrial ROS production, facilitating TNBC cell proliferation and migration, effects which were mitigated by the LEPR inhibitor Allo-aca. Co-expression of LEPR and ADRB2 was observed on cell membranes, and bioinformatics data revealed a positive correlation between the two receptors. Leptin activated both LEPR and ADRB2, enhancing intracellular ROS generation and promoting tumor progression, which was effectively countered by a specific ADRB2 inhibitor ICI118551. In vivo, leptin injection accelerated tumor growth and lung metastases without affecting appetite, while treatments with Allo-aca or ICI118551 mitigated these effects. Conclusion This study demonstrates that leptin stimulates the growth and metastasis of TNBC through the activation of both LEPR and ADRB2, resulting in increased ROS production. These findings highlight LEPR and ADRB2 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in TNBC.

With the deepening of population aging， the number of disabled and semi-disabled elderly individuals continues to increase， and the ethical care issues of mental health services for the disabled elderly are becoming increasingly prominent. When examining ethical issues， the concept of the “holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine” from ancient Chinese traditional culture was explored. While applying theories from the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine， such as “the unity of form and spirit” and “the integration of form and spirit，” emphasis should be placed on the organic integration of psychology and physiology. The mental health status of the disabled elderly can be comprehensively improved by addressing both internal and external environmental factors. In response to the current situation of mental health services for the disabled elderly， ethical care should be provided for the mental health services of the disabled elderly， focusing on the value of subjectivity， difference， and continuity in ethical care， thereby improving the mental health status of the disabled elderly.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨丹皮酚（Pae）通过调控果蝇zeste基因增强子同源物2/神经外营养蛋白4抗体/细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子2A（EZH2/NXPH4/CDKN2A）轴对肺癌A549细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响。方法：以梯度浓度（0、6.25、12.5、25、50、100、200 µg/mL）的Pae处理肺癌A549细胞，采用CCK-8法确定干预浓度；将A549细胞分为对照组（未经任何处理的A549细胞）、Pae组（12.5 µg/mL Pae）、Pae + siEZH2组（转染siEZH2 + 12.5 µg/mL Pae）、Pae+siNC组（转染siNC + 12.5 µg/mL Pae）、Pae + vector NC组（转染vectorNC + 12.5 µg/mL Pae）、Pae + vectorEZH2组（转染vector EZH2+12.5 µg/mL Pae），予以相应的处理后，采用克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆数，流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布，Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭能力的变化，划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力的变化，流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况，WB法检测EZH2、NXPH4、CDKN2A、Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达量。在A549细胞中单独转染siEZH2或siNC，采用流式细胞仪测量细胞凋亡，WB法检测Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达。建立A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型，评估Pae的体内抗肿瘤作用及其对相关蛋白表达的影响。结果：选择12.5 µg/mL为后续实验干预浓度。与对照组相比，Pae组细胞克隆数、S期细胞比例、迁移、侵袭能力以及EZH2、NXPH4和Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著降低，G0/G1期细胞比例、细胞凋亡率以及CDKN2A和caspase-3蛋白表达量明显升高（均P < 0.05）；与Pae + siNC组相比，Pae + siEZH2组细胞克隆数、S期细胞比例、迁移侵袭能力以及EZH2、NXPH4和Bcl-2蛋白表达量下降幅度更大，G0/G1期细胞比例、细胞凋亡率以及CDKN2A和caspase-3蛋白表达量升高幅度更大（P < 0.05）；与Pae+vectorNC组相比，Pae + vectorEZH2组细胞克隆数、S期细胞比例、迁移侵袭能力以及EZH2、NXPH4和Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著升高，G0/G1期细胞比例、细胞凋亡率以及CDKN2A和caspase-3蛋白表达量明显下降（P < 0.05）。敲低EZH2后A549细胞凋亡率和caspase-3表达明显上升，Bcl-2表达明显下降（P < 0.05）。体内实验表明Pae可显著降低肿瘤体积和质量且抑制EZH2/NXPH4/CDKN2A通路的活性。结论：Pae通过抑制EZH2/NXPH4/CDKN2A通路抑制A549细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭，诱导细胞凋亡。

In recent years, the ongoing development of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated significant potential in the treatment and rehabilitation of various brain diseases. In particular, the combined application of TES and TMS has shown considerable clinical value due to their potential synergistic effects. This paper first systematically reviews the mechanisms underlying TES and TMS, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Subsequently, the potential mechanisms of transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation are explored, with a particular focus on three combined stimulation protocols: Repetitive TMS (rTMS) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), rTMS with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and theta burst TMS (TBS) with tACS, as well as their clinical applications in brain diseases. Finally, the paper analyzes the key challenges in transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation research and outlines its future development directions. The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for the optimization and application of transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation schemes in the treatment and rehabilitation of brain diseases.
Humans ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods* ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods* ; Brain Diseases/therapy*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal combined with first metatarsophalangeal joint replacement for the treatment of hallux valgus combined with hallux rigidus. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 15 patients (16 feet) with hallux valgus combined with hallux rigidus who underwent first metatarsal basal osteotomy combined with first metatarsophalangeal joint replacement between May 2019 and December 2024. The patients included 1 male and 14 females, aged 60-80 years, with an average age of 68.5 years. According to the Mann classification of hallux valgus, 2 feet were moderate and 14 feet were severe. According to the Hallux Rigidus Coughlin grading, 12 feet were grade 3 and 4 feet were grade 4. The evaluation indicators included hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) measured on weight-bearing X-ray film at preoperation and last follow-up; the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) score were used to evaluate the improvement of walking function, metatarsophalangeal joint function, and pain relief in patients. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery successfully without complications such as vascular or nerve injury during operation. One foot developed a superficial incisional infection postoperatively, which healed after dressing changes; the remaining 15 feet had primary incision healing. All patients were followed up 5-55 months, with an average of 17.5 months. All osteotomies achieved bony union, with a union time ranging from 8 to 13 weeks, averaging 11.8 weeks; no elevation of the first metatarsal was observed. At last follow-up, no complications such as prosthesis loosening, dislocation, fracture, toe shortening, bone dissolution, synovial reaction, or metatarsalgia was found. The appearance and function of the affected feet significantly improved, and the pain significantly relieved. At last follow-up, the HVA, IMA, AOFAS score, and VAS score showed significant differences when compared with preoperative values ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION Basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal combined with first metatarsophalangeal joint replacement for the treatment of hallux valgus with hallux rigidus can correct deformities through osteotomy, restore the normal flexion-extension axis of the metatarsophalangeal joint, relieve pain, and preserve a certain degree of mobility, achieving good short- and mid-term effectiveness.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Hallux Valgus/diagnostic imaging* ; Osteotomy/methods* ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Hallux Rigidus/diagnostic imaging* ; Aged, 80 and over ; Metatarsal Bones/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Arthroplasty, Replacement/methods*