Background: Skin wounds can occur for many reasons, including UV radiation, mechanical burns, trauma, and chronic inflammation caused by metabolic factors. In Mongolia, as of 2022, household burns were the top 5 causes of injuries, the leading cause of injuries in children aged 0-5, and accounted for 18.4% of all illnesses in children aged 0-5. Skin burns and wounds take a long time to heal, which causes emotional, aesthetic, and economic stress for doctors. Developing in novative, effective, and low-side effects therapeutic products to improve wound healing is of great clinical and economic importance. The lack of research on the effects of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) on burn wounds was the basis for our research. Aim: To determine the effects of a mixture of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera on burn wounds in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: control group, bacterial metabo lite group, and aloe vera group. The mice were anesthetized, and the dorsal hair was shaved over a 2×2 cm area using an electric clipper. A second-degree burn wound model was created by exposing the shaved dorsal skin to hot air at 200°C for 10 seconds. A total of 100 μL of a bacterial metabolite suspension mixed with aloe vera at a 1:1 ratio was applied evenly to the center of the wound. Wound images were captured daily, and wound areas were measured using ImageJ software. Healing was evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21 of treatment and compared with the control group. The initial wound size was defined as 100%, and wound closure percentages were calculated accordingly. Burn skin tissues from both experimen tal and control groups were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for the vascular marker α-SMA (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Statistical analysis: The differences between the control and experimental groups were analyzed using an independent t-test using GraphPad Prism 10 software, and the mean, standard deviation, and statistical correlation were calculated. Results: The effect of the mixture of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) on the healing of burn wounds in experimental mice was compared with the control group. The wound size at 7 days was 82.1% in the control group and 83.7% in the experimental group (p<0.197), at 14 days was 62.6% in the control group and 58.1% in the exper imental group (p<0.0001), at 21 days was 50.7% in the control group and 32.7% in the experimental group (p<0.0001). No statistically significant difference in wound healing was observed between the groups at day 7; however, significant differences were observed at days 14 and 21. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed uniform expression of α-SMA-pos itive cells in the experimental group at 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment, whereas α-SMA expression was not detected in the control group. Conclusion The combination of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera promotes wound healing in experimental mouse burn wounds.

Background: Although food-borne infectious diseases occur across all age groups globally, evidence indicates that young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals are disproportionately affected due to their increased susceptibility to enteric pathogens. Young children in particular are at higher risk because their immune systems are not yet fully developed and they have lower body mass, which together reduce their ability to resist and recover from food-borne infections. In Mongolia, reported cases of intestinal infectious diseases in 2024 exceeded the ten-year historical average by 504.5 cases, and food- and water-related infections such as hand-foot-and-mouth disease, dysentery, and salmonellosis remain predominant among these conditions. Aim: The objective of this study was to conduct microbiological analyses of school lunches and drinking water provided to general education school students and to evaluate their compliance with relevant national standards. Materials and Methods: A total of 107 school lunch samples and 35 drinking water samples collected from general education schools were included in the study. Microbiological analyses were performed to assess hygiene and safety indicators, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., total coliform count, total viable microbial count (TVC), and intestinal bacteria. Laboratory analyses were conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Food Safety Reference Laboratory under the Standardization and Metrology Authority. Confirmatory identification of microorganisms was performed using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Result: Of the 35 drinking water samples analyzed for 105 parameters, 8.5% (n=3) exceeded the permissible limits for total microbial counts. In the 107 school lunch food samples, a total of 428 microbiological parameters were examined, of which 26.1% (n=28) showed coliform counts above the allowable limits specified in the MNS 6308:2012 standard. Additionally, enterobacteriaceae were detected in 42.9% (n=46) of the food samples. When analyzed by school, 51.5% of the 35 schools (18 schools) had food samples with coliform counts that did not meet the standard requirements, whereas 49.5% (17 schools) showed compliance with the standards. These findings indicate that, on average, one out of every two schools fails to meet the required hygiene practices, proper food production procedures, and microbiological safety standards in meal preparation. Conclusion Microbiological analysis of 107 food samples from 35 general education schools across 428 indicators revealed that 26.1% did not meet the requirements of the MNS 6308:2012 “Microbiological safety and hygiene criteria for food products” standard due to excessive coliform counts. Of the 35 drinking water samples analyzed for 105 indicators, 5.7% (n=2) failed to meet the requirements of the MNS 0900:2018 “Drinking water: Hygiene requirements, quality, and safety assessment” standard with respect to total viable microbial count.

Background: The capital city of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar is not only one of the coldest capitals in the world but has also become one of the most polluted cities in recent years due to the prolonged effects of severe cold. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most harmful air pollutant to human health is PM2.5. These fine particulate matters can penetrate the human body through the respiratory tract, causing various changes in the body and the oral cavity. Aim: Relationship between dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal status and PM2.5 air pollutant levels among 12 years old children in different areas of Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 190 children aged 12 years old, who were selected from high and low level areas with air pollutant PM2.5 in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. We obtained informed consent No.24-25/10-1 of the Ethical Committee, MNUMS. The oral examination of every child was done according to WHO recommendation (2013). We determined the prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFT score, and the prevalence of gingivitis, and CAL score. Statistical analysis was done by the SPSS 29 software. Results: The prevalence and mean DMF/t score of dental caries were 96% аnd 5.37±2.75 among children living in the high level area of the PM2.5 air pollutant; and 91% and 5.39±3.95 in the low level area, respectively (p<0.01). The prevalence of gingivitis was 23.2% among all children; 25.2% among children living in the high level area of the PM2.5 air pollutant and 20.5% in the low level area. The CAL score was 1.89±0.89 mm in the high polluted area and 1.94±0.77 mm in the low polluted area (p<0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and the mean DMFT and CAL score among children living in air polluted areas were higher than low polluted areas.

Background: The main risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity include the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and other sweetened foods. The sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages was different from the nutritional information on the packaging. Aim: To determine sugar and brix content in domestic manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages, and compare information on the packaging and regulatory standards. Materials and Methods: The sugar and brix content in sugar-sweetened beverages was determined by laboratory anal ysis, including 150 domestically manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages. Laboratory analysis carried out in the Chemical toxicology laboratory of the National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety, MASM, determined sugar using a saccharometer and brix using refractometry. : Results: The study included 150 Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages, including 20.7% (n=31) carbonated drinks, 47.3% (n=71) fruit drinks, 16.0% (n=24) tea drinks, 1.3% (n=2) energy drinks, 14.7% (n=22) flavored water. Sugar content 0.0–15.6% in sugar-sweetened beverages. The laboratory analysis results compared with information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). Brix contained 0.2–13.0% carbonated drinks, 4.9–15.7% fruit drinks, 0.6–9.8% tea drinks, 7.7–16.0% energy drinks, and 0.1–9.7% flavored water. Conclusions 1. Sugar content 0.0–15.6%, brix 0.0–16.0% in Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages. 2. The laboratory analysis results compared with nutritional information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same nutritional information on the packaging, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). 3. 37.3% of Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages are unsatisfied with regulatory standards.

Emergency cesarean section risk factors of Robson 1, 2A, 3, 4A Introduction: Cesarean section rates in Mongolia exceed WHO recommendations of 5–15%, reaching 27.6% nationally and 34.1% at the First Maternity Hospital between 2019–2023. C-sections, while life-saving, increase risks of hemorrhage, infection, uterine complications, and reduced maternal quality of life. This study aimed to analyze emergency C-sections by Robson classification and identify associated risk factors in groups 1, 2a, 3, and 4a. Material and methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted using 886 medical records (443 emergency C-sections and 443 vaginal deliveries) from 2021–2023. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS 24.0, and binary logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Robson 2a was the most frequent category (43.8%), followed by 4a (25.7%), 1 (20.1%), and 3 (10.4%). Significant risk factors for emergency C-section included maternal age (p<0.001), early cervical dilation (<5 cm) at labor diagnosis (OR 3.54), abnormal CTG, pre-eclampsia, PROM, amniotomy, infertility, and malposition. Multivariate analysis showed PROM (aOR 14.66), amniotomy (aOR 6.85), fetal weight ≥4000 g (aOR 4.07), and maternal age (aOR 1.48) as key predictors. Conclusions: Emergency C-sections were most common in Robson group 2a. Major contributing factors included PROM, amniotomy, maternal age, macrosomia, and abnormal labor patterns. Targeted interventions to manage these risk factors could reduce unnecessary emergency C-sections.

Background: The following ancient medical book currently known to us is relatively detailed about ring srel. Herein: a handwritten sutra by Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog called “legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so”. However, there is no academic research on the medicinal use of this supreme precious medicine ring srel in Mongolia. Therefore, we have chosen this topic to make it possible to use the written medical scriptures and woodblock books written about ring srel for research and training, especially to explain and interpret the supreme precious medicine in detail. Purpose: We will study the facts about ring srel in Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog’s “ legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so” manuscript, enrich it with information about ring srel in other ancient medical books, and explain some words. Conclusion Supreme precious medicine is a word that means ring srel in Tibetan, a relic in English or whitish, pill-like stuff from cremation residues, and sharil or chandar (cremains) in Mongolian. There are four categories of ring srel: Body ring srel, hair, and nails ring srel, mustard seed-like ring srel and dharma body ring srel. There are five colors of the ring srel: white from bones, red from flesh, blue from yellow water, gold from skin so on. If we distinguish each of its uses, from the medical point of view: Demons and evil spirits, all diseases can not be attacked and not harmed, and from the ritual point of view: it is said that everything you wish to do by keeping it on your body and wearing it on your body will come true.

Introduction: Coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Hypogonadism is not considered a traditional risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Higher CVD mortality may be partially attributed to behavioral and physical characteristics of males, including increased smoking, drinking, endocrine and metabolic factor like fat distribution, and low male engagement in preventive care. In the last decades, many studies have suggested that low testosterone levels are associated with increased prevalence of risk factors for CVD, including dyslipidemia and diabetes. For the reason, this research focused on identifying any association between testosterone deficiency and risk factors of coronary heart disease. Goal: This study aimed to identify any association between testosterone deficiency and risk factors of coronary heart disease in Mongolian men. Material and methods: In this case control study, we determined plasma total testosterone, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein – ApoA1, Apo B and glucose in 287 subjects, among them 125 patients with ACS and 162 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 of IBM. Results: Mean age of the participants was 55.19±6.99 years old. It was found that, mean plasma TT levels in patients with ACS (4.17 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in the healthy subjects (4.70 ng/ml). There was a negative association between plasma TT level and glucose level (r=-0.185; p=0.002) and ApoB/ApoA1 (r=-0.132, p=0.026). Conclusion The results in the present study suggest that low plasma TT level may be a risk factor for CHD in men, which may relate to the influence of plasma lipoprotein and glucose metabolism by endogenous testosterone.

A school environment may cause positive effect upon health and healthy behavior, but also representmain factor for transfer of non-infectious diseases. Therefore, the issue of maintaining an appropriate environment in operations of training and educational institution would be considered as vital in every country of the world. In our country the solid waste hygienic conditions around children organizations represent one of actual problems. Through the research work was aimed to evaluate the state of solid waste at external environment of general educational institutions by the momentum model of analytical research and involving 103 state proprietary Educational Institutions of 9 districts. At developing estimation list of solid waste at external environment of schools were used current effective standards, resolutions and regulations. 88.3 percent of schools involved into research work had special solid waste-points and 11.7 percent had no special solid waste-points. 38.8 percent of solid waste-points were fenced from all sidesand 44.7 percent fenced from some sides and 16.5 percent had no fence in whole. The research of material from which was made a solid waste-keeping facility showed that 44.2 percent were made from metal, 2.3 percent from wood and 52.3 percent from brick. When we studied whether the solid waste-keeping facility is placed in distance of 25 meters from school according to standard,was determined that 71.8 percent were built according to the standard, 28.2 percent were allocated within 25 meters showing inconformity with the standard. During the research it has been detected that among schools 27.2 percent had too much solid waste-heap, 25.5 percent had placed no special recycle-bins on the school site and 13.6 percent conducted wrong activity by incinerating solid waste on the territory of school.2/3 or total 63 schools among Metropolitan state proprietary educational institutions has non- standard solid waste-keeping facility, 1/3 or 29 schools has located their solid waste-points in non- standard distance, there exists much solid waste-heap because of insufficient recycle-bins, absence of solid waste-points results in collection of solid waste in a special room inside of school and later its transportation with scavenger. Also, 13.6 percent or 14 schools are incinerating their solid waste within school site. This breeches effective hygienic norms and normative.

IntroductionAs prevalence of morbidity and mortality due to the non-communicable diseases is high, educationand communication are crucial in terms of reduction of the risk factors of these diseases amongstthe population. However, the sources and needs for information regarding NCDs among the generalpopulation, especially among the rural herdsmen, are still unknown.Materials and MethodsThe study used a population based cross sectional design selecting 500 herders in total by themultistage random cluster sampling method from 4 provinces and 12 soums of 4 the geographicalregions of Mongolia. Data collection methods included both quantitative and qualitative methodsfollowed by an analysis of the data using the by SPSS 17.0 software.ResultsA total of 228 herding families participated in the study and 78.5% of them were use television, 37.3%--radio and 10.1% -- newsletters. As for sources of health information, 53.4% of participants receiveinformation on NCDs from the television, 32.2% - from health care facilities, and 18.6% -- from radio.More than 65% of the participants state that the information on NCDs is “insufficient”, whereas 92%have never participated in trainings on NCDs, and 84.4% were have had no access to NCD-relatedbrochures and handouts. These results indicate that the NCD related information available to theherders and rural population is insufficient. In terms of demand for information on non-communicablediseases, 82.2% of the respondents answered that information is necessary, 60.4% of the herdersprefer to have information through television, 42.2%-- through soum doctors and bag feldschers,35.8%-- from health care facilities, and 31.4% -- from the radio.ConclusionInformation on NCDs available to rural herders and households is insufficient, thus more appropriatemethods for delivery NCD information should be used meeting their demands and their preferenceof the sources of health information.