Objective: Infertility, the inability to achieve pregnancy within a year despite normal attempts to conceive without contraception, causes psychosocial burden for individuals and couples. This review summarized the interrelationship between infertility and psychological stress and suggested various forms of psychological intervention for infertility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System databases were searched for English- and Korean-language articles published from 1990 to 2024. Results: Infertility leads to emotional distress from diagnosis to treatment. Also, psychological stress affects the trajectory of infertility. This distress may cause psychiatric illnesses, negatively affecting pregnancy. Psychotherapies, psychopharmacotherapies, and biological treatments can be used for the management of psychiatric illnesses in infertile patients. Digital therapeutics also have the potential to be a competitive treatment option. Conclusion Regular assessment and management of psychological stress in infertile couples are essential during the course of infertility treatment. Psychological intervention of infertile patients should be implemented according to a personalized plan that completely reflects the individual clinical characteristics.

This guideline aims to promote the prudent use of antibacterial agents for managing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections in clinical practice in Korea. The general section encompasses recommendations for the management of common CRE infections and diagnostics, whereas each specific section is structured with key questions that are focused on antibacterial agents and disease-specific approaches. This guideline covers both currently available and upcoming antibacterial agents in Korea.

Objective: Infertility, the inability to achieve pregnancy within a year despite normal attempts to conceive without contraception, causes psychosocial burden for individuals and couples. This review summarized the interrelationship between infertility and psychological stress and suggested various forms of psychological intervention for infertility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System databases were searched for English- and Korean-language articles published from 1990 to 2024. Results: Infertility leads to emotional distress from diagnosis to treatment. Also, psychological stress affects the trajectory of infertility. This distress may cause psychiatric illnesses, negatively affecting pregnancy. Psychotherapies, psychopharmacotherapies, and biological treatments can be used for the management of psychiatric illnesses in infertile patients. Digital therapeutics also have the potential to be a competitive treatment option. Conclusion Regular assessment and management of psychological stress in infertile couples are essential during the course of infertility treatment. Psychological intervention of infertile patients should be implemented according to a personalized plan that completely reflects the individual clinical characteristics.

Objective: Infertility, the inability to achieve pregnancy within a year despite normal attempts to conceive without contraception, causes psychosocial burden for individuals and couples. This review summarized the interrelationship between infertility and psychological stress and suggested various forms of psychological intervention for infertility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System databases were searched for English- and Korean-language articles published from 1990 to 2024. Results: Infertility leads to emotional distress from diagnosis to treatment. Also, psychological stress affects the trajectory of infertility. This distress may cause psychiatric illnesses, negatively affecting pregnancy. Psychotherapies, psychopharmacotherapies, and biological treatments can be used for the management of psychiatric illnesses in infertile patients. Digital therapeutics also have the potential to be a competitive treatment option. Conclusion Regular assessment and management of psychological stress in infertile couples are essential during the course of infertility treatment. Psychological intervention of infertile patients should be implemented according to a personalized plan that completely reflects the individual clinical characteristics.

This guideline aims to promote the prudent use of antibacterial agents for managing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections in clinical practice in Korea. The general section encompasses recommendations for the management of common CRE infections and diagnostics, whereas each specific section is structured with key questions that are focused on antibacterial agents and disease-specific approaches. This guideline covers both currently available and upcoming antibacterial agents in Korea.

Objective: Infertility, the inability to achieve pregnancy within a year despite normal attempts to conceive without contraception, causes psychosocial burden for individuals and couples. This review summarized the interrelationship between infertility and psychological stress and suggested various forms of psychological intervention for infertility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System databases were searched for English- and Korean-language articles published from 1990 to 2024. Results: Infertility leads to emotional distress from diagnosis to treatment. Also, psychological stress affects the trajectory of infertility. This distress may cause psychiatric illnesses, negatively affecting pregnancy. Psychotherapies, psychopharmacotherapies, and biological treatments can be used for the management of psychiatric illnesses in infertile patients. Digital therapeutics also have the potential to be a competitive treatment option. Conclusion Regular assessment and management of psychological stress in infertile couples are essential during the course of infertility treatment. Psychological intervention of infertile patients should be implemented according to a personalized plan that completely reflects the individual clinical characteristics.

This guideline aims to promote the prudent use of antibacterial agents for managing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections in clinical practice in Korea. The general section encompasses recommendations for the management of common CRE infections and diagnostics, whereas each specific section is structured with key questions that are focused on antibacterial agents and disease-specific approaches. This guideline covers both currently available and upcoming antibacterial agents in Korea.

Objective: Infertility, the inability to achieve pregnancy within a year despite normal attempts to conceive without contraception, causes psychosocial burden for individuals and couples. This review summarized the interrelationship between infertility and psychological stress and suggested various forms of psychological intervention for infertility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System databases were searched for English- and Korean-language articles published from 1990 to 2024. Results: Infertility leads to emotional distress from diagnosis to treatment. Also, psychological stress affects the trajectory of infertility. This distress may cause psychiatric illnesses, negatively affecting pregnancy. Psychotherapies, psychopharmacotherapies, and biological treatments can be used for the management of psychiatric illnesses in infertile patients. Digital therapeutics also have the potential to be a competitive treatment option. Conclusion Regular assessment and management of psychological stress in infertile couples are essential during the course of infertility treatment. Psychological intervention of infertile patients should be implemented according to a personalized plan that completely reflects the individual clinical characteristics.

This review evaluates the role of the large language model (LLM) in psychotherapy, emphasizing integration with theory of mind (ToM) and its influence on therapeutic outcomes and interactions.The current state-of-the-art in LLMs matches a 6-year-old’s ToM level, and thus encounters limitations in client interactions. Reinforcing the LLM ToM could improve interaction quality and can foster empathetic therapeutic settings vital for effective psychotherapy. However, significant gaps remain, especially in achieving contextual, human-like interactions. Key challenges include a lack of evaluation standards for LLM-based psychotherapies, insufficient clinical training data, and the need for a deeper exploration of therapeutic alliances between the LLM and the clients. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of the LLM in psychotherapy through integration with ToM, enhancing both the understanding of patients’ mental states and therapeutic interactions. Future research should focus on refining ToM benchmarks for the LLM, examining the therapeutic alliance, and addressing methodological issues to optimize ToM in LLM-based psychotherapy.

Humans ; Adolescent ; Pandemics ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology* ; Smoking ; Ethanol ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology* ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology*