Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, leading to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because a significant proportion of the COVID-19 confirmed cases were concentrated in the capital metropolitan area of South Korea, and a large proportion of the population in the area had been adequately vaccinated against COVID-19, we conducted a seroprevalence surveillance study focusing on the residents of the capital metropolitan area in South Korea. Methods: We used a quota-sampling method to obtain blood samples from 1,000 individuals per round, equally stratified across seven age categories and sexes and regions, from five medical institutions located within the capital metropolitan area of South Korea. During five consecutive months (rounds) between January 2022 and May 2022, a total of 5,000 samples were analyzed for anti-spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. Results: High anti-S seropositivity was observed in all age groups, which corresponded to the vaccine coverage during the study period. Both the cumulative incidence based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the estimated seroprevalence based on anti-N seropositivity increased in the fourth and fifth rounds, which corresponded to April 2022 and May 2022. Seroprevalence coincided with the cumulative incidence during the first three rounds, but exceeded from the fourth survey onwards when infection with omicron variants was increased rapidly in Korea. Conclusion Seroprevalence confirmed the number of infection cases outside of PCR testing-based surveillance. Seroepidemiological surveillance can help us understand vaccine responses and detect hidden infections, thereby providing appropriate public health guidance for achieving population-level immunity.

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a condition with an uncertain global incidence, and information on its diagnosis and management is limited. This study aimed to address these knowledge gaps. Methods: This study utilized customized claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) in South Korea from January 2010, to December 2021. Patients with HP were identified based on the diagnosis code (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, J67) between 2011 and 2020. Incident HP cases were defined as new HP claims, excluding those with claims in the previous year. The study examined various factors such as age, sex, comorbidities, diagnostic methods, and treatment patterns. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with treatment initiation. Results: A total of 8,678 HP incident cases were confirmed, with age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rates ranging from 1.14/100,000 in 2020 to 2.16/100,000 in 2012. The mean age of patients with incident HP was 52 years, with a higher incidence observed among males. Additionally, the most common comorbidity was asthma. Bronchoscopy was performed on 16.9% of patients, and 25.4% of patients did not receive treatment within 1 year of diagnosis. Among those who received treatment, prednisone was the most used systemic steroid, and azathioprine was the most commonly used second-line immunosuppressant.Factors associated with treatment initiation included the female sex, having asthma or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and undergoing bronchoscopy. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment patterns of HP in South Korea using nationwide medical claims data.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.