Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The impact of vitamin D deficiency on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in individuals without obesity or insulin resistance has not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify whether low serum levels of 25(OH)D independently contribute to NAFLD risk in nonobese or lean individuals. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 241208 asymptomatic health check-up examinees who had abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD risk was evaluated based on obesity status and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results: The overall NAFLD prevalence was 25.5%. Among the 178630 nonobese and 126909 lean participants, the prevalence rates were 13.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the prevalence of NAFLD, comparing serum 25(OH)D levels of 10–19 and ≥20 ng/mL with <10 ng/mL, were 0.96 (0.93–0.99) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Among nonobese participants, the corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.94 (0.90–0.99) and 0.77 (0.73–0.81), respectively. Similar results were observed among lean participants, with those having a 25(OH)D level of ≥20 ng/mL demonstrating a significantly lower odds of NAFLD (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70–0.83). Moreover, these results were consistent even among nonobese and lean individuals who showed no signs of insulin resistance. Conclusion Insufficient 25(OH)D levels independently increased the risk of NAFLD, suggesting its role in the NAFLD pathogenesis, regardless of obesity or insulin resistance status. Considering the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonobese/lean NAFLD, maintaining adequate 25(OH)D levels may aid in preventing the development of NAFLD, even among nonobese or lean individuals.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.