Advances in prenatal screening have significantly improved the early detection of fetal anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities. Among these, first-trimester soft markers have emerged as valuable indicators of potential adverse outcomes. This review explores the clinical relevance of key markers—including increased nuchal translucency (NT), nasal bone hypoplasia, tricuspid regurgitation, aberrant right subclavian artery, and abnormal ductus venosus flow—and their associations with aneuploidy, structural malformations, and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. We emphasize the importance of interpreting soft markers within a comprehensive clinical context, rather than in isolation, and examine their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and associated statistical risks. Particular attention is given to the integration of soft marker findings with advanced screening techniques, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing and maternal serum biochemistry, to improve diagnostic accuracy. In addition, we review current recommendations for clinical management, such as the use of follow-up diagnostic procedures like chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, and the role of multidisciplinary counselling in high-risk pregnancies. Future research should aim to validate novel soft markers and promote the standardization of screening protocols to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes.

Advances in prenatal screening have significantly improved the early detection of fetal anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities. Among these, first-trimester soft markers have emerged as valuable indicators of potential adverse outcomes. This review explores the clinical relevance of key markers—including increased nuchal translucency (NT), nasal bone hypoplasia, tricuspid regurgitation, aberrant right subclavian artery, and abnormal ductus venosus flow—and their associations with aneuploidy, structural malformations, and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. We emphasize the importance of interpreting soft markers within a comprehensive clinical context, rather than in isolation, and examine their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and associated statistical risks. Particular attention is given to the integration of soft marker findings with advanced screening techniques, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing and maternal serum biochemistry, to improve diagnostic accuracy. In addition, we review current recommendations for clinical management, such as the use of follow-up diagnostic procedures like chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, and the role of multidisciplinary counselling in high-risk pregnancies. Future research should aim to validate novel soft markers and promote the standardization of screening protocols to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes.

Background: Oral cavity cancers, the second most common type in India, are responsible for 10% of the overall cancer burden. With a recurrence rate of 30% to 40% and a 5-year survival rate of 50%, these malignancies account for substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in treatment modalities, survival rates following treatment completion have not improved significantly. The present study aimed to establish specific epidemiological and pathological factors responsible for recurrence after treatment completion in buccal mucosa cancers. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of 116 patients treated for biopsy-proven cancers of the buccal mucosa was undertaken 1 year after treatment completion. Factors such as age, sex, education, lymphovascular invasion, extranodal extension (ENE), perineural invasion, depth of invasion, and pathological margin status were compared between patients who presented with recurrence and those who did not. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: Of the 116 patients, 40 (34.5%) developed a recurrent disease within 1 year. The mean age of the study population was 43.3 years, and males constituted 91.4% of the included patients. Ipsilateral buccal mucosa was the commonest site of disease recurrence. Neck node metastasis, ENE, and margins of resection < 5 mm were significantly related to the recurrence of disease. However, surprisingly, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and depth of invasion > 10 mm did not show statistically significant associations. Conclusion Neck node metastasis, ENE, and margins of resection < 5 mm were the histopathological factors associated with recurrence in cancers of the buccal mucosa.

Midgut malrotation and incomplete rotation are common causes of neonatal intestinal obstruction. At end of 10 week of intrauterine life, cecum will be placed in subhepatic region temporarily and descends to right lower quadrant by eleventh week. Arrest of cecum in subhepatic region or undescended cecum is a rare congenital anomaly of mid gut. Usually, it remains asymptomatic and is diagnosed incidentally. If any pathology occurs in anomalous part, like appendicitis then the diagnosis and treatment will be challenging in all age groups. Variation in blood supply have also been reported with anomalies leading to iatrogenic injuries during colonoscopy and surgeries. Lack of knowledge of these rare variations may lead to delayed diagnosis of appendicitis leading to perforation and surgical emergencies. In the present case, we describe an undescended cecum and its associated variation in branching pattern of superior mesenteric artery.
Appendicitis ; Arteries* ; Cecum* ; Colic* ; Colonoscopy ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Pathology